Table 1.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevalence in Bladder Cancer Cases Across Region, Histological Type, HPV DNA Specimen, and Publication Calendar Period

Variable	No. of studies	No. of cases	Proportion (%)	HPV prevalence (%) (95% CI)	P	OR (95% CI)	Adjusted ORa (95% CI)
Total	52	2855	100.00	16.88 (15.53–18.31)		…	…
Region					<.001
Asia	14	701	24.55	24.25 (21.12–27.60)		Ref.	Ref.
Africa	7	500	17.51	19.40 (16.02–23.14)		0.75 (0.57–1.00)	0.84 (0.59–1.20)
North America	7	378	13.24	13.49 (10.21–17.36)		0.49 (0.35–0.69)	0.30 (0.20–0.44)
Europe	21	1205	42.21	13.11 (11.26–15.15)		0.47 (0.37–0.60)	0.41 (0.32–0.52)
Otherb	3	71	2.49	2.82 (0.34–9.81)		0.09 (0.02–0.37)	0.06 (0.01–0.23)
Histological type					.07
TCC	38	2068	72.43	16.92 (15.33–18.61)		Ref.	Ref.
Otherc	29	787	27.57	16.26 (13.75–19.03)		0.95 (0.76–1.19)	0.85 (0.65–1.10)
HPV DNA specimen					.19
Fixed tissue	34	1813	63.50	16.05 (14.39–17.82)		Ref.	Ref.
Fresh and mixed tissue	18	1042	36.50	17.95 (15.66–20.41)		1.14 (0.93–1.40)	1.80 (1.42–2.27)
Publication date					.61
1990–1999	37	1916	67.11	16.49 (14.86–18.23)		Ref.	Ref.
2000–2010	15	939	32.89	17.25 (14.89–19.82)		1.06 (0.86–1.30)	0.83 (0.61–1.12)

NOTE. CI, confidence ratio; OR, odds ratio; Ref., reference; TCC, transitional cell carcinoma.

^aAdjusted for region, histological type, HPV DNA specimen, and publication calendar period.

^bOthers included 1 study from Oceania and 2 studies that did not specify clearly.

^cOthers included adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, small-cell carcinoma, and mixed or unclear histological types.