Table 1.
Characteristics of mothers with GDM vs. control mothers
| Missing values | Control mothers | Mothers with GDM | Punivariate | Padjusted1 | Padjusted2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 158 | 90 | ||||
| Maternal age (years) | 0/0 | 33.1 ± 4.7 | 34.2 ± 4.9 | 0.104* | 0.415 | 0.415 |
| Maternal BMI at 12 weeks (kg/m2) | 0/0 | 25.2 ± 4.0 | 30.0 ± 7.9 | <0.001† | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | 0/0 | 0.735‡ | 0.901 | 0.901 | ||
| White | 108 (68.4%) | 58 (64.4%) | ||||
| Black | 31 (19.6%) | 23 (25.6%) | ||||
| Asian | 12 (7.6%) | 6 (6.7%) | ||||
| Other | 7 (4.4%) | 3 (3.3%) | ||||
| Parity | 0/0 | 1.000‡ | — | — | ||
| Nulliparous | 67 (42.4%) | 38 (42.2%) | ||||
| Parous | 91 (57.6%) | 52 (57.8%) | ||||
| Previous GDM | 0/0 | <0.001‡ | — | — | ||
| No | 158 (100%) | 69 (76.6%) | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0%) | 21 (23.3%) | ||||
| Family history of diabetes | 0/0 | <0.001‡ | 0.037 | 0.037 | ||
| No | 141 (89.2%) | 55 (61.1%) | ||||
| Yes | 17 (10.8%) | 35 (38.9%) | ||||
| Smoker | 0/0 | 0.795‡ | 0.884 | 0.884 | ||
| No | 148 (93.7%) | 83 (92.2%) | ||||
| Yes | 10 (6.3%) | 7 (7.8%) | ||||
| Gestational age at booking (days) | 0/0 | 87.5 ± 3.0 | 87.4 ± 3.6 | 0.916* | 0.886 | 0.886 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 37/20 | 112.5 ± 15.8 | 118.5 ± 11.6 | 0.003* | 0.039 | 0.039 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 37/20 | 70.2 ± 8.5 | 71.7 ± 7.2 | 0.218* | 0.167 | 0.167 |
| Sex | 1/0 | 0.356‡ | 0.730 | 0.730 | ||
| Female | 77 (49.0%) | 50 (55.6%) | ||||
| Male | 80 (51.0%) | 40 (44.4%) | ||||
| Birth weight (g) | 1/0 | 3,403.1 ± 571.4 | 3,283.6 ± 481.9 | 0.081* | 0.388 | 0.388 |
| Gestation at OGTT (weeks) | 0 | 28.0 ± 4.6 | ||||
| OGTT | ||||||
| Fasting/2-h glucose (mmol/L) | 0/3 | 5.3 ± 1.8/9.1 ± 1.8 | ||||
| HbA1c (%) | 11 | 5.8 ± 0.9 | ||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 0/0 | 4.62 ± 0.76 | 4.86 ± 0.90 | 0.033* | 0.780 | 0.780 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)^ | 0/0 | 1.74 (0.35) | 1.58 (0.38) | 0.001* | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L)^ | 0/0 | 1.20 (0.95–1.56) | 1.38 (1.08–2.01) | 0.002* | 0.423 | 0.423 |
| 25-OH-D (ng/mL) | 0/0 | 19.0 ± 10.7 | 18.9 ± 10.7 | 0.874† | 0.784 | 0.784 |
| 25-OH-D (nmol/L) | 0/0 | 47.6 ± 26.7 | 47.2 ± 26.7 | 0.863† | 0.782 | 0.782 |
| Deficient 25-OH-D (<25 nmol/L) | ||||||
| No | 0/0 | 122 (77.2%) | 72 (80.0%) | 0.635‡ | 0.864 | 0.864 |
| Yes | 36 (22.8%) | 18 (20.0%) | ||||
| Insufficient 25-OH-D (<50 nmol/L) | 0/0 | 0.502‡ | 0.742 | 0.742 | ||
| No | 68 (43.0%) | 34 (37.8%) | ||||
| Yes | 90 (57.0%) | 56 (62.2%) | ||||
| Months of sampling | 0/0 | 6.4 ± 3.3 | 6.8 ± 3.2 | 0.426* | 0.314 | 0.314 |
Data are means ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%). Padjusted1, logistic regression adjusted for maternal age, BMI, gestational age at sampling, smoking, ethnicity, parity, conception status, and previous GDM; 25-OH-D levels additionally adjusted for month of sampling. Padjusted2, women without previous GDM (nulliparous or previous pregnancies without GDM) logistic regression adjusted for maternal age, BMI, gestational age at sampling, smoking, ethnicity, parity, and conception status; 25-OH-D levels additionally adjusted for month of sampling.
*t test.
†Wilcoxon test.
‡Fisher exact test.
^Log-transformed for regression analysis.