Table 3.
Association between serum 25(OH)D levels and prediabetes, within selected subgroups
| Subgroup of interest | N at risk (cases) | Multivariable OR (95% CI) for 10-unit decrease in serum 25(OH)D*† | P (interaction)‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| <60 years | 9,558 (2,383) | 1.15 (1.07–1.24) | 0.91 |
| ≥60 years | 3,161 (1,674) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | |
| Sex | |||
| Women | 6,850 (1,860) | 1.15 (1.05–1.25) | 0.83 |
| Men | 5,869 (2,197) | 1.13 (1.04–1.24) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5,275 (1,567) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.93 |
| Non-Hispanic black | 3,435 (1,282) | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | |
| Mexican American | 3,491 (1,033) | 1.00 (0.88–1.15) | |
| Others | 518 (175) | 1.13 (0.85–1.50) | |
| Geographic region | |||
| Northeast | 1,720 (525) | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | 0.48 |
| Midwest | 2,513 (788) | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | |
| South | 5,440 (1,855) | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) | |
| West | 3,046 (889) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | |
| Season | |||
| January–March | 3,325 (1,097) | 1.04 (0.93–1.17) | 0.18 |
| April–June | 3,332 (1,023) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | |
| July–September | 3,134 (960) | 1.18 (1.11–1.26) | |
| October–December | 2,928 (977) | 1.24 (1.08–1.41) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| <25 | 5,365 (1,226) | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 0.88 |
| 25–29.9 | 4,408 (1,561) | 1.17 (1.05–1.30) | |
| ≥30 | 2,946 (1,270) | 1.15 (1.00–1.33) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 4,002 (1,831) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 0.65 |
| No | 8,717 (2,226) | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | |
| CRP (mg/dL) | |||
| <0.3 | 8,797 (2,477) | 1.11 (1.02–1.19) | 0.24 |
| ≥0.3 | 3,922 (1,580) | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | |||
| <95 | 6,239 (2,483) | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 0.74 |
| ≥95 | 6,480 (1,574) | 1.13 (1.01–1.27) | |
| Outdoor physical activity | |||
| Yes | 9,116 (2,847) | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 0.99 |
| No | 3,603 (1,210) | 1.11 (0.96–1.30) | |
| Dietary vitamin D (μg) | |||
| <4.6 | 7,742 (2,436) | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 0.28 |
| ≥4.6 | 4,977 (1,621) | 1.20 (1.10–1.30) |
*OR values presented are weighted to represent the U.S. civilian population, 1988–1994.
†Adjusted for age (years), sex (men, women), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, others), geographic region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West), season blood drawn (January–March, April–June, July–September, October–December), smoking categories (never, former, current), current drinker (yes, no), milk consumption (yes, no), BMI (kg/m2), dietary vitamin D (μg), outdoor physical activity (yes, no), hypertension (yes, no), systolic blood pressure (mmHg), total cholesterol (mg/dL), CRP level (mg/dL), eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2).
‡P value associated with the cross-product interaction term between the corresponding stratification variable and the 25(OH)D variable in the multivariable model.