Table 1.

Descriptive statistics.

	White, Non-Hisp (N = 812)	Black, Non-Hisp (N = 1,710)	Hispanic (N = 853)
Dependent Variable
% Mothers Reporting Spanking	17.9%	36.4%	17.6%
% Mothers Reporting High Frequency Spanking	3.7%	8.8%	3%
Independent Variables
% Girls	46.2%	47.4%	48.4%
Child’s Age (months)	14.0	16.2	14.1
% Born Low Birth Weight	7.5%	13.0%	6.0%
% First Born	45.2%	34.3%	40.2%
Mother’s Age at Birth (years)	26.9	24.3	24.7
Family Structure
% Married at Baseline and Year 1	47.5%	12.0%	19.9%
% Cohabiting at Baseline & Married or Cohabiting at Year 1	24.4%	20.8%	36.9%
1 % Not Living Together at Baseline or Year 1	13.9%	42.4%	23.2%
% Living Together at Baseline, Not at Year 1	9.2%	13.5%	10.6%
% Living Separate at Base, Together at Year 1	4.8%	11.3%	9.4%
Mother’s Education Level
% Not Completed High School	23.3%	37.4%	51.0%
% Completed High School or GED Only	20.4%	31.3%	22.2%
% At Least Some College	56.3%	31.2%	26.8%
Household Income/Needs Ratio at Baseline	3.8	1.7	1.9
% Mothers Not US Born	3.7%	4.9%	34.5%
% Mothers Lived w/ Both Parents at Age 15	57.6%	28.7%	51.6%
% Mothers Reported Working in Past 2 Weeks	57.1%	57.0%	46.0%
Number of Other Adults in Household at Year 1	2.1	2.0	2.5
% Mothers Reported Drugs, Moderate/Heavy Alcohol or Cigarettes during Pregnancy	31.0%	22.2%	11.7%
% Mothers Reported IPV before Child’s Birth	4.1%	7.0%	8.6%
Mother’s Rating of Father’s Supportiveness during Pregnancy	10.8	10.3	10.6
% Late Starting or No Prenatal Care	12.2%	21.3%	20.4%
Mother’s Parental Stress Score at Year 1	11.6	11.1	11.5
Child’s Emotional Temperament Score at Year 1	7.7	8.7	8.6
% Mothers with Flag for Potential Depression or General Anxiety Disorder	17.0%	17.5%	14.8%