Table 2.

STI and pregnancy among orphans versus non-orphans

Study	n ♂♀	All orphans vs. non-orphans		Maternal orphans vs. non-orphans		Paternal orphans vs. non-orphans		Double orphans vs. non-orphans
		STI other than HIV	Pregnancy	STI other than HIV	Pregnancy	STI other than HIV	Pregnancy	STI other than HIV	Pregnancy
Birdthistle [29]	863 ♀			aOR = 5.9 (2.2-15.7)	aOR = 3.7 (1.0-14.0)	aOR = 3.5 (1.5-8.4)	ns	ns	ns
Gregson [30]	1523 ♂♀			ns	aOR = 1.98 (1.05-3.74)	ns	ns
Kang [31]	196 ♀	ns	ns	ns	aOR = 3.14 (1.17-8.43)	ns	ns
Operario [34]	11,904♂♀	ns	aOR = 1.15 (1.01-1.34)
Palermo [35] Benin	1801 ♀		ns		ns		ns		aOR = 2.62
Palermo [35] Chad	884 ♀		aOR = 1.69		ns		aOR = 1.83		ns
Palermo [35] Congo	914 ♀		ns		ns		ns		ns
Palermo [35] Cote d'Ivoire	711 ♀		aOR = 1.69		aOR = 2.57		ns		ns
Palermo [35] Lesotho	1043 ♀		ns		ns		ns		ns
Palermo [35] Malawi	1337 ♀		ns		ns		ns		ns
Palermo [35] Mozambique	1484 ♀		ns		ns		ns		ns
Palermo [35] Tanzania	1375 ♀		ns		ns		ns		ns
Palermo [35] Uganda	1219 ♀		ns		ns		ns		ns
Palermo [35] Zimbabwe	1207 ♀		ns		ns		ns		ns

aOR = adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. ns = non-significant result. Odds ratios >1 indicate that orphans had significantly higher odds of STI or pregnancy. Confidence intervals were not available for the study by Palermo et al [35]. This table uses adjusted odds ratios rather than risk ratios because odds ratios were reported consistently throughout the primary studies, and we had insufficient data to transform them; we report adjusted odds ratios here as calculated in the primary studies.