Table 3.
Percent difference (95% CI) in three arterial stiffness outcomes, not adjusted for pollution (n = 3,996): MESA, 2000–2002.
| Covariate | YM | C1 | C2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (10 years) | 7.1 (5.6 to 8.7) | −11.3 (−12.2 to −10.4) | −16.5 (−17.8 to −15.2) |
| Males | −11.1 (−13.6 to −8.6) | 11.4 (8.5 to 14.3) | 20.9 (16.0 to 25.9) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Caucasian | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Chinese | 9.7 (3.9 to 15.8) | 7.7 (3.7 to 11.9) | −4.3 (−9.8 to 1.4) |
| African American | 3.2 (−0.2 to 6.7) | 4.9 (2.6 to 7.2) | −8.9 (−12.0 to −5.7) |
| Hispanic | 6.7 (2.8 to 10.6) | 2.1 (−0.5 to 4.8) | −4.2 (−7.9 to −0.2) |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.3 (−1.0 to 1.5) | 0.6 (−0.2 to 1.5) | −1.3 (−2.5 to 0.0) |
| Triglycerides/10 (mg/dL) | 2.0 (−1.0 to 5.0) | −0.6 (−2.5 to 1.4) | −1.9 (−4.7 to 1.1) |
| Diabetes | |||
| Never | 2.0 (−1.2 to 5.4) | −2.1 (−4.2 to 0.0) | −1.2 (−4.4 to 2.2) |
| Impaired glucose (mg/dL) | −1.3 (−7.0 to 4.7) | −6.7 (−10.2 to −3.0) | 2.1 (−3.9 to 8.5) |
| Diabetes | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| MAP/10 | 6.7 (5.6 to 7.8) | −11.2 (−11.8 to −10.6) | −15.0 (−15.9 to −14.1) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Former | −3.7 (−6.8 to −0.5) | 1.4 (−0.7 to 3.7) | −1.0 (−4.3 to 2.4) |
| Current | −13.1 (−18.4 to −7.5) | −1.7 (−5.6 to 2.4) | −12.7 (−18.1 to −7.0) |
| Pack-years/10 | 0.3 (−0.6 to 1.1) | −0.3 (−0.8 to 0.3) | −1.3 (−2.2 to −0.5) |
| Cigarettes/day/10 | 0.5 (−3.3 to 4.4) | 0.0 (−2.5 to 2.5) | −1.6 (−5.3 to 2.3) |
| Any ETS exposure | 1.5 (−1.4 to 4.4) | 0.0 (−1.8 to 1.9) | −2.9 (−5.7 to 0.0) |
| Waist:hip ratio | 24.9 (3.9 to 50.1) | 5.4 (−7.6 to 20.2) | −30.5 (−43.4 to −14.8) |
| Physical activitya | |||
| Low | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Medium | 0.8 (−2.5 to 4.1) | −1.3 (−3.4 to 0.9) | 1.7 (−1.6 to 5.2) |
| High | 0.4 (−3.4 to 4.4) | −3.1 (−5.5 to −0.6) | 0.4 (−3.5 to 4.5) |
| Heart rate/10b (beats/min) | −8.5 (−9.4 to −7.7) | −0.7 (−2.1 to 0.7) | |
| Weight/10b (kg) | 1.4 (1.0 to 1.7) | 4.0 (3.5 to 4.5) | |
| Height/10b (cm) | 9.9 (8.3 to 11.5) | 8.9 (6.4 to 11.3) | |
Regression results reported as percent difference (95% CI) in the outcome variables [100 × (exponentiated mean difference − 1)]. Positive association with YM indicates greater arterial stiffness; negative association with C1 and C2 indicates reduced compliance; associations are adjusted for all other variables in the table.
Physical activity was based on total min/day: low represents lowest quartile of reported activity, medium refers to the 25–75th percentiles, and high was the highest quartile.
Heart rate, weight, and height were adjusted only for outcomes C1 and C2; this adjustment allowed the isolation of the arterial compliance effect.