Table 1.

Relationship of PD to paraquat or rotenone exposure in human populations.

Study	Design	Method of assessing pesticide use	No. enrolled (cases, controls)	Finding	OR (95% CI) or p-value	Exposed n
Paraquat
Sanchez-Ramos et al. 1987	Case report	Medical history	1 case	Symptoms “comparable to PD” in a 32-year-old farmer after 15 years of paraquat use	NA	1 case
Hertzman et al. 1990	Case–control	Specific question re: paraquat use	57 cases	Association with PD	p = 0.0*a	4 cases
			122 controls			0 controls
Semchuk et al. 1992	Case–control	General questions re: pesticide use	130 cases	One case with early-onset PD (< age 40 years) reported using paraquat (ages 26–31 years)	NA	1 case
			260 cases
Hertzman et al. 1994	Case–control	Specific question re: paraquat use	127 cases		1.11 (0.32–3.87)	6 cases
			245 controls	No association with PD		5 controls
					1.25 (0.34–4.63)	6 cases
						4 controls
Liou et al. 1997	Case–control	Open-ended question re: pesticide use	120 cases	No association with PD	3.22 (2.41–4.31)	31 cases
			240 controls			22 controls
Firestone et al. 2005	Case–control	Checklistb	250 cases	Association with PD	1.67 (0.22–12.76)	2 cases
			388 controls			2 controls
Kamel et al. 2007	Case–control	Specific question re: paraquat use	83 prevalent cases	Association with PD in prevalent cases	1.8 (1.0–3.4)	14 prevalent
			79,557 controls			11,266 controls
			78 incident cases	No association with PD in incident cases	1.0 (0.5–1.9)	11 incident
			55,931 controls			7,382 controls
Tanner et al. 2009	Case–control	Specific question re: occupational paraquat use	519 cases	Association with PD	2.80 (0.81–9.72)	9 cases
			511 controls			4 controls
Firestone et al. 2010	Case–control	Checklistc	404 incident cases	Added subjects to 2005 interim population	0.9 (0.14–5.43)	2 cases
			526 controls	No association with PD in reanalysis		3 controls
Rotenone
Kamel et al. 2007	Case–control	Specific question re: rotenone use in a supplementary questionnaire	83 prevalent cases	Association of PD with ever use	1.7 (0.6–4.7)	4 prevalent
			79,557 controls			671 controls
			78 incident cases	Could not determine		1 incident
			55,931 controls			565 controls
Tanner et al. 2009	Case–control	Specific question re: occupational rotenone use	519 cases	No association with PD	0.82 (0.05–13.34)	1 case
			511 controls			1 control
Dhillon et al. 2008	Case–control	General question re: “organic pesticides”	100 cases	Greater use of “organic pesticides such as rotenone” in PD patients	10.0 (2.9–34.3)	27 cases
			84 controls			3 controls

NA, not analyzed.

^aFour PD patients and no controls reported paraquat contact; OR could not be calculated;

^bOccupational pesticide exposures were identified from a checklist of common chemical agents and home-based pesticide exposures from a checklist of commercial brand name products.

^cSubjects reported exposures to various industrial toxicants identified from a checklist.