Table 3.

Overview of the changing contract for academic chemistry (adapted from Hessels et al. 2009)

	Summary of identity	Most dominant rationales	Most important conditions
1950s and 1960s	Basic research	Education Cultural value	Autonomy Unconditional funding SON communities
1970s	+ Useful knowledge	+ Problem solving potential	+ Social accountability
1980s	Applicable knowledge	Technological innovation	+ Conditional funding + Application-oriented funding (STW, IOP, contract research) + Foresight + Scarcity of resources Reorganization NWO
1990s	Strategic knowledge	+ Sustainable development	Further prioritization + Performance assessments
2000+	+ Valorization	+ Innovation system	+ Consortia (ACTS, TTI, BSIK) + European FPs

+ signs indicate that these elements complement rather than replace existing elements

ACTS: Advanced Chemical Technologies for Sustainability; BSIK: Besluit Subsidies Investeringen Kennisinfrastructuur Programs; IOP: Innovation Oriented Program; NWO: Dutch organization for Scientific Research; TTI: Technological Top Institutes; SON: Chemical Research Netherlands; STW: Technology Foundation