Table 1.
Evolution of Conducted (Ascending) Vasodilation
| Authors | Key Observation | Species | Tissue/preparation | Experimental Condition |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Krogh et al., 1922 | Spreading vasodilation of arterioles via axon reflex to local chemical stimulus. | frog | hindlimb web | in vivo |
| Hilton, 1959 | Femoral artery dilation to contraction of lower leg muscles or distal infusion of ACh. | cat | hindlimb skeletal muscle | in vivo |
| Duling and Berne, 1970 | Propagated vasodilation of arterioles in response to ACh but not to other vasoactive substances. | hamster | cheek pouch | in vivo |
| Folkow et al., 1971 | Muscle contraction elicits ascending vasodilation from distal arterioles into proximal feed arteries. | cat | hindlimb skeletal muscle | in vivo |
| Hirst and Neild, 1978 | Electrical coupling among cells along the arteriolar wall. | guinea pig | submucosa | in vitro |
| Segal and Duling, 1986 | CVD via signaling through gap junctions along arteriolar ECs and SMCs | hamster | cheek pouch | in vivo |
| Segal, 1991 | CVD along terminal arterioles increases capillary red blood cell perfusion. | hamster | cremaster muscle | in vivo |
| Dietrich 1989 | Capillary stimulation alters capillary perfusion (arteriolar control) of red blood cells. | Rat | Mesentery | in vivo |
| Segal and Bény, 1992 | Homocellular dye coupling along arteriolar endothelium with hyperpolarization to ACh. | hamster | cheek pouch | in vivo |
| Kurjiaka and Segal, 1995 | CVD into parent arteriole increases blood flow into daughter arterioles. | hamster | cremaster muscle | in vivo |
| Kurjiaka and Segal, 1995 | Sympathetic nerve activation inhibits CVD along skeletal muscle arterioles. | hamster | cremaster muscle | in vivo |
| Little et al., 1995 | Myoendothelial dye coupling between arteriolar ECs and SMCs. | hamster | cheek pouch arterioles | in vitro |
| Little et al., 1995 | Cx40 and Cx43 expressed in arteriolar ECs and SMCs. | hamster, rat | cheek pouch, brain cremaster | in vivo |
| Xia et al., 1995 | Myoendothelial electrical coupling between arteriolar ECs and SMCs. | hamster | cheek pouch arterioles | in vitro |
| Dora et al., 1997 | Myoendothelial Ca2+ coupling: Elevated Ca2+ in SMCs stimulates NO production in ECs. | hamster | cheek pouch arterioles | in vitro |
| Doyle and Duling, 1997 | Conducted vasodilation includes NO-dependent and NO-independent components. | hamster | cheek pouch arterioles | in vitro |
| Berg et al., 1997 | Contracting muscle fiber bundles evokes dilation of supplying arteriolar branches. | hamster | cremaster muscle | in vivo |
| Welsh and Segal, 1998 | Endothelium and SMC layers provide parallel conduction pathways along arterioles. | hamster | cheek pouch | in vivo |
| de Wit et al., 1999 | EDHF/KCa contribute to CVD along skeletal muscle arterioles. | hamster | cremaster muscle | in vivo |
| Emerson and Segal, 2000 | Endothelium as primary cellular pathway for CVD. | hamster | retractor muscle feed arteries | in vitro |
| Emerson and Segal, 2000 | Bidirectional electrical coupling between ECs and SMCs. | hamster | retractor muscle feed arteries | in vitro |
| Hungerford et al., 2000 | Conducted vasoconstriction decays more rapidly than CVD along skeletal muscle arterioles. | mouse | cremaster muscle | in vivo |
| de Wit et al, 2000 | Cx40 deletion impairs CVD in skeletal muscle arterioles. | mouse | cremaster muscle | in vivo |
| Segal and Jacobs, 2001 | Endothelium integrity is required for ascending vasodilation to skeletal muscle contractions. | hamster | retractor muscle | in vivo |
| Crane et al., 2004 | Additional hyperpolarization contributing to CVD in arteriolar networks. | hamster | cheek pouch | in vivo |
| Diep et al., 2005 | Computational modeling of EC and SMC biophysical properties underlying CVD. | hamster | computer model | in silico |
| Jantzi et al., 2006 | Role for KIR channels to facilitate CVD | hamster | retractor muscle feed arteries | in vitro |
| Domeier and Segal, 2007 | Initiation of CVD via KCa; resolution of “fast” and “slow” components of CVD. | hamster | retractor muscle feed arteries | in vitro |
| Figueroa and Duling, 2008 | Resolution of passive and regenerative components of CVD in skeletal muscle arterioles. | mouse | cremaster muscle | In vivo |
| Wolfle et al, 2009 | Manipulating KCa channels alters CVD in skeletal muscle arterioles. | mouse | cremaster muscle | in vivo |
Citations listed in chronological order highlight initial key findings in the evolution of conducted/ascending vasodilation; in vivo refers to tissue preparations studied in anesthetized animals; in vitro refers to isolated vessels studied in a tissue chamber; in silico refers to computational modeling. Abbreviations: ACh, acetylcholine; Cx40, connexin40; CVD, conducted vasodilation; EC, endothelial cell; EDHF, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor; NO, nitric oxide; SMC, smooth muscle cell.