Table 1.
Group differences in demographic variables, birth outcomes, and substance use.
| Exposure group | Non-cocaine | Cocaine | F value | Partial η2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | |||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | ||||||
| BM age | 27.77 | 5.60 | 30.82 | 6.11 | 14.57** | 0.06 |
| BM parity | 3.22 | 1.70 | 4.15 | 2.39 | 10.75** | 0.05 |
| Years education | 12.02 | 1.86 | 11.59 | 1.84 | 2.92 | 0.01 |
| Maternal occupation | 2.09 | 1.40 | 2.55 | 1.98 | 4.02* | 0.02 |
| BIRTH OUTCOMES | ||||||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.34 | 1.24 | 38.59 | 1.85 | 11.97** | 0.05 |
| Birth weight (gms) | 3328.84 | 504.41 | 2916.55 | 538.31 | 33.95** | 0.14 |
| Birth length (cm) | 49.94 | 2.91 | 48.12 | 3.11 | 19.38** | 0.08 |
| Head circumference (cm) | 33.60 | 1.39 | 33.07 | 2.10 | 4.61* | 0.02 |
| OCS | 100.69 | 17.43 | 86.24 | 15.18 | 42.21** | 0.17 |
| PRENATAL SUBSTANCE USE | ||||||
| Cigarettes/week | 12.77 | 25.75 | 36.99 | 43.32 | 24.16** | 0.10 |
| Drinks/week | 0.19 | 0.82 | 3.92 | 11.47 | 10.63** | 0.05 |
| Joints/week | 1.45 | 7.32 | 1.27 | 4.15 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| Days cocaine/week | 0 | 0 | 0.94 | 1.58 | 35.42** | 0.14 |
| POSTNATAL SUBSTANCE USE | ||||||
| Cigarettes/week | 22.75 | 37.66 | 45.29 | 48.51 | 13.38 | 0.06 |
| Drinks/week | 20.65 | 22.89 | 18.13 | 26.46 | 0.50 | 0.00 |
| Joints/week | 6.97 | 22.26 | 6.72 | 14.63 | 0.008 | 0.00 |
| Days cocaine/week | 0 | 0 | 0.25 | 0.84 | 7.00 | 0.03 |
| Intensity of maternal aggression | 1.63 | 1.09 | 2.09 | 1.34 | 5.90** | 0.03 |
| Baseline RSA | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 9.29** | 0.06 |
| RSA change | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 17.85** | 0.11 |
| EC: snack delay | 0.02 | 1.02 | −0.02 | 0.98 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| EC: prize delay | −0.02 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 1.01 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| Internalization of rules | 0.04 | 0.98 | −0.03 | 1.02 | 0.23 | 0.002 |
*p < 0.05 **p < 0.01. BM, biological mother; OCS, obstetrical complications scale score, high scores are more optimal; EC, effortful control. Postnatal substance-use data are the average of substance use across all postnatal time points from 1 to 36 months.