Table 1.
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction modalities with their indications and commonly encountered complications.
| Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction modality | Indications | Common complications |
|---|---|---|
| Endobronchial blockers | Heterogeneous Emphysema | (1) Blocker migration |
| (2) Postobstructive pneumonia | ||
|
| ||
| Airway bypass stents | Homogenous Emphysema | (1) COPD exacerbation |
| (2) Pneumonia/bronchitis | ||
| (3) Air leak/pneumomediastinum | ||
|
| ||
| Endobronchial valves | Heterogeneous Emphysema | (1) COPD exacerbation |
| (2) Pneumothorax | ||
| (3) Bleeding | ||
| (4) Pneumonia | ||
|
| ||
| Thermal vapor ablation | Heterogeneous Emphysema | (1) COPD exacerbation |
| (2) Pneumonitis | ||
|
| ||
| Biological sealants | Both homogenous and heterogeneous emphysema | (1) COPD exacerbation |
| (2) Pneumonia/aspiration | ||
|
| ||
| Airway implants/coils | Both homogenous and heterogeneous emphysema | Data not yet available |