Table 4.
Mean serum lipid concentrations in the SP2 study (N = 3000) according to level of coffee consumption
| Concentration (geometric mean (95% CI)) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting lipids, mmol/L | Never or <1 cup/week | 1 cup/week to <1 cup/day | 1-2 cups/day | ≥3 cups/day | Percentage difference between extreme groups | P for trend | |
| n = 891 | n = 358 | n = 1509 | n = 242 | ||||
| Model 1‡ | HDL-cholesterol | 1.32 (1.30 - 1.34) | 1.33 (1.30 - 1.36) | 1.33 (1.32 - 1.35) | 1.27 (1.23 - 1.31) | -3.79% | 0.057 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 3.19 (3.13 - 3.24) | 3.14 (3.06 - 3.22) | 3.26 (3.22 - 3.30) | 3.31 (3.21 - 3.40) | 3.76% | 0.004 | |
| Triglycerides | 1.14 (1.10 - 1.18) | 1.17 (1.11 - 1.23) | 1.16 (1.13 - 1.19) | 1.25 (1.18 - 1.34) | 9.65% | 0.020 | |
| Total cholesterol | 5.14 (5.09 - 5.20) | 5.11 (5.02 - 5.20) | 5.24 (5.19 - 5.29) | 5.27 (5.16 - 5.38) | 2.53% | 0.005 | |
| Model 2‡ ‡ | HDL-cholesterol | 1.37 (1.34-1.41) | 1.39 (1.34-1.43) | 1.40 (1.37-1.43) | 1.35 (1.31-1.40) | -1.46% | 0.809 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 3.05 (2.95-3.15) | 3.00 (2.88-3.11) | 3.10 (3.01-3.19) | 3.11 (2.98-3.23) | 1.97% | 0.098 | |
| Triglycerides | 1.23 (1.16-1.30) | 1.24 (1.16-1.33) | 1.21 (1.14-1.28) | 1.26 (1.17-1.36) | 2.44% | 0.762 | |
| Total cholesterol | 5.13 (5.03-5.24) | 5.09 (4.96-5.21) | 5.19 (5.09-5.29) | 5.18 (5.04-5.32) | 0.97% | 0.163 | |
| Model 3‡ ‡ ‡ | HDL-cholesterol | 1.38 (1.34-1.42) | 1.39 (1.35-1.43) | 1.40 (1.37-1.44) | 1.36 (1.31-1.41) | -1.19% | 0.976 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 3.05 (2.96-3.15) | 3.00 (2.88-3.11) | 3.10 (3.01-3.19) | 3.10 (2.98-3.23) | 1.69% | 0.120 | |
| Triglycerides | 1.22 (1.15-1.30) | 1.24 (1.15-1.33) | 1.20 (1.14-1.27) | 1.24 (1.15-1.35) | 1.52% | 0.961 | |
| Total cholesterol | 5.14 (5.03-5.25) | 5.09 (4.96-5.22) | 5.20 (5.10-5.30) | 5.18 (5.04-5.32) | 0.78% | 0.183 | |
‡ Model 1: Adjustment for age (yr), gender (male, female), ethnicity (Chinese, Malay, Indian)
‡ ‡ Model 2: Adjustment for age (yr), gender (male, female), ethnicity (Chinese, Malay, Indian), BMI (kg/m2), smoking (non-smoker, ex-smoker, smoker <10cigarettes/day, smoker ≥10cigarettes/day), education (primary and below, secondary, polytechnic and diploma, university), physical activity (kcal/week), hypertension (yes, no), alcohol (non-drinker, <1serving/day, ≥ 1 serving day)
‡ ‡ ‡ Model 3: Adjustment for age (yr), gender (male, female), ethnicity (Chinese, Malay, Indian), BMI (kg/m2), smoking (non-smoker, ex-smoker, smoker <10cigarettes/day, smoker ≥10cigarettes/day), education (primary and below, secondary, polytechnic and diploma, university), physical activity (kcal/week), hypertension (yes, no), alcohol (non-drinker, <1serving/day, ≥ 1 serving day), energy intake (kcal), fiber (g/day/1000 kcal), cholesterol (mg/day/1000 kcal), PUFA (% of total energy), MUFA (% of total energy), SFA (% of total energy)