Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics by age before and after propensity matching
| Before propensity matching** | After propensity matching* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean (±SD) | Age <65 years (n=603) |
Age ≥65 years (n=603) |
P value |
Age <65 years (n=603) |
Age ≥65 years (n=603) |
P value |
| Female | 139 (23) | 119 (20) | 0.160 | 125 (21) | 119 (20) | 0.718 |
| African American | 154 (26) | 126 (21) | 0.056 | 121 (20) | 126 (21) | 0.768 |
| Current smoker | 127 (21) | 84 (14) | 0.001 | 92 (15) | 84 (14) | 0.549 |
| New York Heart Association IV | 42 (7) | 54 (9) | 0.202 | 50 (8) | 54 (9) | 0.757 |
| Past medical history | ||||||
| Heart failure duration, months | 46 (±48) | 53 (±52) | 0.009 | 52 (±50) | 53 (±52) | 0.634 |
| Coronary artery disease | 303 (50) | 398 (66) | <0.001 | 400 (66) | 398 (66) | 1.000 |
| Angina pectoris | 293 (49) | 327 (54) | 0.050 | 342 (57) | 327 (54) | 0.424 |
| Hypertension | 340 (56) | 363 (60) | 0.179 | 368 (61) | 363 (60) | 0.818 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 216 (36) | 237 (39) | 0.212 | 217 (36) | 237 (39) | 0.279 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 251 (42) | 272 (45) | 0.222 | 284 (47) | 272 (45) | 0.531 |
| Thromboembolic disease | 103 (17) | 117 (19) | 0.297 | 117 (19) | 117 (19) | 1.000 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 148 (25) | 263 (44) | <0.001 | 255 (42) | 263 (44) | 0.861 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 103 (17) | 154 (26) | <0.001 | 153 (25) | 154 (26) | 1.000 |
| Ventricular fibrillation | 56 (9) | 62 (10) | 0.561 | 62 (10) | 62 (10) | 1.000 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 75 (12) | 114 (19) | 0.002 | 109 (18) | 114 (19) | 0.760 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blocker |
590 (99) | 583 (97) | 0.217 | 577 (96) | 583 (97) | 0.441 |
| Bucindolol | 318 (53) | 299 (50) | 0.274 | 294 (49) | 299 (50) | 0.821 |
| Digitalis | 555 (92) | 543 (90) | 0.226 | 553 (92) | 543 (90) | 0.348 |
| Diuretics | 554 (92) | 559 (93) | 0.589 | 560 (93) | 559 (93) | 1.000 |
| Vasodilators | 241 (40) | 274 (45) | 0.055 | 277 (46) | 274 (45) | 0.911 |
| Anti-coagulants | 356 (59) | 350 (58) | 0.726 | 354 (59) | 350 (58) | 0.858 |
| Anti-arrhythmic drugs | 15 (3) | 14 (2) | 0.851 | 18 (3) | 14 (2) | 0.597 |
| Physical examination | ||||||
| Body mass index, kilogram/ m2 | 38.6 (±8.8) | 35.3 (±7.2) | <0.001 | 35.3 (±7.2) | 35.3 (±7.2) | 0.885 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 116 (±18) | 117 (±17) | 0.300 | 118 (±19) | 117 (±17) | 0.635 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
73 (±12) | 70 (±10) | <0.001 | 70 (±11) | 70 (±10) | 0.790 |
| Heart rate per minute | 83.5 (±13.7) | 80.3 (±12.1) | <0.001 | 79.8 (±12.8) | 80.3 (±12.1) | 0.423 |
| Jugular venous distension | 0.41 (±0.49) | 0.47 (±0.50) | 0.032 | 0.46 (±0.50) | 0.47 (±0.50) | 0.650 |
| S3 gallop | 264 (44) | 255 (42) | 0.601 | 253 (42) | 255 (42) | 0.954 |
| S4 gallop | 117 (19) | 106 (18) | 0.415 | 101 (17) | 106 (18) | 0.762 |
| Pulmonary râles | 59 (10) | 88 (15) | 0.011 | 89 (15) | 88 (15) | 1.000 |
| Lower extremity edema | 143 (24) | 169 (28) | 0.087 | 167 (28) | 169 (28) | 0.949 |
| Laboratory data | ||||||
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.17 (±0.39) | 1.30 (±0.41) | <0.001 | 1.28 (±0.43) | 1.30 (±0.41) | 0.388 |
| Potassium, mEq/L | 4.27 (±0.47) | 4.34 (±0.47) | 0.009 | 4.34 (±0.50) | 4.34 (±0.47) | 0.873 |
| Sodium, mEq/L | 139 (±3) | 139 (±4) | 0.358 | 139 (±3) | 139 (±4) | 0.980 |
| Glucose, mg/dl | 139 (±79) | 138 (±80) | 0.967 | 134 (±72) | 138 (±80) | 0.319 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl | 197 (±46) | 192 (±44) | 0.054 | 192 (±47) | 192 (±44) | 0.950 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 229 (±189) | 207 (±179) | 0.041 | 206 (±174) | 207 (±179) | 0.912 |
| Plasma norepinephrine | 465 (±235) | 527 (±261) | <0.001 | 523 (±336) | 527 (±261) | 0.778 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 14.2 (±1.7) | 13.9 (±1.6) | 0.003 | 13.9 (±1.6) | 13.9 (±1.6) | 0.999 |
| White blood cell, 103/μL | 7.6 (±2.0) | 7.5 (±2.5) | 0.663 | 7.3 (±2.0) | 7.5 (±2.5) | 0.083 |
| Platelet, 103/μL | 230 (±85) | 217 (±63) | 0.003 | 214 (±60) | 217 (±63) | 0.349 |
| X-ray | ||||||
| Pulmonary edema | 64 (11) | 71 (12) | 0.523 | 67 (11) | 71 (12) | 0.794 |
| Multiple gated acquisition scan | ||||||
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, % |
22.3 (±7.4) | 23.0 (±7.0) | 0.140 | 23.1 (±7.3) | 23.0 (±7.0) | 0.799 |
| Right ventricular ejection fraction, % |
34.2 (±12.2) | 35.2 (±11.2) | 0.147 | 34.8 (±12.0) | 35.2 (±11.2) | 0.626 |
*
The 603 pairs of post-match patients were assembled by a 1 to 1 propensity score matching algorithm that matched 603 of the 1091 patients ≥65 years with 603 patients <65 years who had similar propensity scores. This was completed to balance all measured baseline covariates between the two groups
**
The 603 pairs of pre-match patients were assembled by pairing the 603 matched patients ≥65 years with a random 603 patients <65 years from the 1616 pre-match patients <65 years. This was completed to assemble a pre-match cohort that would have the same sample size as the matched cohort