Fig. 2.

Effect of IBP on brine retention by frozen seawater. Seawater medium samples containing semipure IBP at close to actual concentration and without IBP were frozen overnight at −6.0 °C and subjected to increasing centrifugation; the cumulative amount of expelled brine was measured. Values indicate mean ± SD (n = 3). (Inset) Photos of ice dendrites grown in seawater (Left) and IBP ice (Right). As the IBP dendrites grow and become densely packed, they appear to trap small pockets of water between the branches (5). (Scale bar: 1 mm.) Reproduced from ref. 5 with permission from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Copyright 2009).