Table 4.

Bacterial Taxa with Significant Differences in Relative Abundance between COPD Patient Group 1 (≤6 Intubation Days) and Group 2 (≥16 Intubation Days)

Phylum	Class	Order	Family	S-Fa	Taxon IDb	Representative speciesc	p-value	q-value	Fluorescence difference (Group 1 – Group 2)
Firmicutes	Symbiobacteria	Symbiobacterales	Unclassified	1	77	thermal soil clone YNPFFP9	<0.001	<0.01	1264
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Unclassified	Unclassified	9	244	deep marine sediment clone MB-C2-152	<0.02	<0.05	1048
Chloroflexi	Anaerolineae	Unclassified	Unclassified	9	375	forest soil clone C043	<0.02	<0.05	1873
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfuromonadales	Geobacteraceae	1	482	trichloroethene-contaminated site clone FTLM205 proteobacterium	≤0.01	<0.05	1092
OP10	CH21 cluster	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	514	sludge clone SBRA136	<0.01	<0.05	1081
Chlorobi	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	8	636	benzene-degrading nitrate-reducing consortium clone Cart-N3 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1475
Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	160	651		<0.01	<0.05	1750
Chloroflexi	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	7	757	DCP-dechlorinating consortium clone SHA-8	<0.001	<0.01	1619
Natronoanaerobium	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	769	fjord ikaite column clone un-c23	<0.001	<0.01	1305
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Peptococc/Acidaminococc	11	940	Veillonella dispar str. DSM 20735	<0.01	<0.05	1150
OP9/JS1	OP9	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	969	DCP-dechlorinating consortium clone SHA-1	<0.02	<0.05	1190
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	1050	Bacillus firmus CV93b	≤0.001	<0.05	1746
Actinobacteria	Actinobacteria	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	1898	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-J10 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1906
AD3	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	2338	uranium mining waste pile soil clone JG30-KF-C12	<0.001	<0.01	1148
Chloroflexi	Dehalococcoidetes	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	2339	uranium mill tailings soil sample clone Sh765B-TzT-20 bacterium	<0.02	<0.05	1532
Chloroflexi	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	2534	forest soil clone S085	<0.001	<0.01	1193
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	2668	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-G40 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	2395
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Peptostreptococcaceae	5	2694	oral periodontitis clone FX028	<0.02	<0.05	1338
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Peptostreptococcaceae	5	2714	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-N27 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	2061
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Peptostreptococcaceae	5	2729	DCP-dechlorinating consortium clone SHA-58	<0.01	<0.05	1402
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Peptostreptococcaceae	5	2797	Isolation and identification hyper-ammonia producing swine storage pits manure	<0.01	<0.05	1611
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Peptostreptococcaceae	5	2805	oral periodontitis clone FX033	<0.02	<0.05	1625
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	2834	Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens str. OB156	<0.01	<0.05	1005
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	2994	termite gut clone Rs-L15	<0.001	<0.01	3929
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	3021	Clostridium caminithermale str. DVird3	<0.01	<0.05	1944
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	3038	swine intestine clone p-1594-c5	<0.01	<0.05	1363
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	3059	Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens str. NCDO 2249	<0.01	<0.05	1069
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	3060	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-B14 bacterium	<0.001	<0.01	3703
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	3076	Clostridium nexile	<0.001	<0.01	1395
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	3077	Clostridium glycolicum str. DSM 1288	<0.01	<0.05	1953
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	3171	Lachnospira pectinoschiza	<0.01	<0.05	1398
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Peptostreptococcaceae	5	3182	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-Q64 bacterium	≤0.01	<0.05	1107
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3250	Streptococcus bovis str. B315	<0.001	<0.01	4284
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3251	Streptococcus cristatus str. ATCC 51100	<0.01	<0.05	3986
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3253	derived cheese sample clone 32CR	<0.02	<0.05	2680
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3258	Staphylococcus auricularis str. MAFF911484 ATCC33753T	<0.01	<0.05	1525
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Enterococcaceae	1	3261	Enterococcus mundtii str. LMG 10748	<0.02	<0.05	2560
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3283	Bacillus niacini str. IFO15566	<0.01	<0.05	1201
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3284		<0.01	<0.05	1347
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Caryophanaceae	1	3285	Caryophanon latum str. DSM 14151	<0.01	<0.05	1499
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3287	tongue dorsum scrapings clone FP015	<0.01	<0.05	3582
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Enterococcaceae	1	3288	Isolation and identification hyper-ammonia producing swine storage pits manure	<0.01	<0.05	2528
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3290	Streptococcus mitis str. Sm91	≤0.01	<0.05	3971
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Paenibacillaceae	1	3299	Brevibacillus borstelensis str. LMG 15536	<0.02	<0.05	1035
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3313	Streptococcus salivarius str. ATCC 7073	<0.001	<0.01	3189
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Enterococcaceae	1	3318	Enterococcus ratti str. ATCC 700914	<0.02	<0.05	2272
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Aerococcaceae	1	3323	Trichococcus flocculiformis str. DSM 2094	<0.01	<0.05	1431
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Aerococcaceae	1	3326	Nostocoida limicola I str. Ben206	<0.01	<0.05	2363
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3328	Pseudobacillus carolinae	<0.001	<0.01	2370
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3330	Lactobacillus kitasatonis str. KM9212	<0.02	<0.05	1389
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Sporolactobacillaceae	1	3365	Bacillus sp. clone ML615J-19	<0.001	<0.01	1757
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Aerococcaceae	1	3386	feedlot manure clone B87	<0.01	<0.05	2321
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Enterococcaceae	1	3392	Vagococcus lutrae str. m1134/97/1; CCUG 39187	<0.001	≤0.01	1976
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3397	Streptococcus macedonicus str. ACA-DC 206 LAB617	<0.01	<0.05	4011
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3418	Lactobacillus subsp. aviarius	<0.01	<0.05	3036
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3419	Bacillus algicola str. KMM 3737	<0.01	<0.05	1590
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3422	Streptococcus thermophilus str. DSM 20617	<0.01	<0.05	3243
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Enterococcaceae	1	3433	Tetragenococcus muriaticus	<0.01	<0.05	2715
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3446	Streptococcus bovis str. HJ50	<0.01	<0.05	3846
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Unclassified	1	3481		<0.01	<0.05	2102
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3489	Bacillus silvestris str. SAFN-010	<0.001	<0.01	1206
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3492	Bacillus subtilis str. IAM 12118T	<0.01	<0.05	1320
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3494	Micrococcus luteus B-P 26	≤0.01	<0.05	1334
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Leuconostocaceae	1	3497	Weissella koreensis S-5673	<0.02	<0.05	1457
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3499	Streptococcus constellatus str. ATCC27823	<0.01	<0.05	4476
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Aerococcaceae	1	3504	Marinilactibacillus psychrotolerans str. O21	<0.01	<0.05	1505
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3517	Planococcus maritimus str. TF-9	<0.01	<0.05	1358
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3521	Pediococcus inopinatus str. DSM 20285	<0.001	<0.05	1122
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3526	Lactobacillus sakei	<0.02	<0.05	1609
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3545		<0.01	<0.05	1372
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3547	Lactobacillus frumenti str. TMW 1.666	<0.01	<0.05	1491
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3550	Bacillus megaterium str. QM B1551	≤0.001	<0.05	1620
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Aerococcaceae	1	3553	Desemzia incerta str. DSM 20581	<0.001	<0.01	1553
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3560	Streptococcus gallinaceus str. CCUG 42692	<0.001	<0.01	2835
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3566	Lactobacillus pontis str. LTH 2587	<0.01	<0.05	2320
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3569	Staphylococcus saprophyticus	<0.01	<0.05	1391
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3588	Streptococcus downei str. ATCC 33748	<0.01	<0.05	2440
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3589	Bacillus senegalensis str. RS8; CIP 106 669	≤0.02	<0.05	1198
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3592	Staphylococcus caprae str. DSM 20608	≤0.01	<0.05	1322
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3605		<0.01	<0.05	1472
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3612	Bacillus schlegelii str. ATCC 43741T	<0.01	<0.05	1224
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3628	Staphylococcus haemolyticus str. CCM2737	<0.01	<0.05	1572
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3629	Streptococcus mutans str. UA96	<0.01	<0.05	1466
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Halobacillaceae	1	3633	Bacillus clausii str. GMBAE 42	<0.001	<0.01	2363
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3634	Lactobacillus letivazi str. JCL3994	<0.01	<0.05	1586
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3638	Staphylococcus sp str. AG-30	<0.01	<0.05	1359
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Paenibacillaceae	1	3641	Brevibacillus sp. MN 47.2a	<0.02	<0.05	1735
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3654	Staphylococcus pettenkoferi str. B3117	<0.01	<0.05	1310
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3661	Bacillus sp. str. 2216.25.2	<0.01	<0.05	1593
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3675	Bacillus mojavensis str. M-1	<0.01	<0.05	1535
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3684	Staphylococcus sciuri	<0.02	<0.05	1324
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Halobacillaceae	1	3702	Amphibacillus xylanus str. DSM 6626	≤0.01	<0.05	1523
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3703	Lactobacillus salivarius str. RA2115	<0.01	<0.05	1636
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3706	Bacillus sonorensis str. NRRL B-23155	<0.02	<0.05	1324
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3722	Lactococcus Il1403 subsp. lactis str. IL1403	≤0.001	<0.05	2673
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Sporolactobacillaceae	1	3747	Bacillus sp. str. C-59-2	<0.001	<0.01	1959
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3753	Streptococcus suis str. 8074	<0.02	<0.05	3463
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3767	Lactobacillus suebicus str. CECT 5917T	<0.01	<0.05	2031
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Lactobacillaceae	1	3768	Lactobacillus perolens str. L532	<0.001	<0.001	1593
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3794		<0.01	<0.05	1324
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Staphylococcaceae	1	3822	Staphylococcus succinus str. SB72	<0.01	<0.05	1358
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3827	Bacillus acidogenesis str. 105-2	<0.01	<0.05	1996
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3831	Bacillus licheniformis str. KL-068	<0.01	<0.05	2057
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Aerococcaceae	1	3833	Carnobacterium alterfunditum	<0.001	<0.01	2781
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Aerococcaceae	1	3840	Trichococcus pasteurii str. KoTa2	<0.001	<0.01	2656
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3869	Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus str. Tokyo1291 subsp.	≤0.01	<0.05	1766
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3900	Bacillus licheniformis str. DSM 13	<0.01	<0.05	1261
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Lactobacillales	Streptococcaceae	1	3906	Streptococcus bovis str.ATCC 43143	<0.001	<0.01	4284
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3909	Bacillus subtilis subsp. Marburg str. 168	<0.01	<0.05	1367
Firmicutes	Bacilli	Bacillales	Bacillaceae	1	3918	Bacillus subtilis	<0.001	<0.01	1486
Firmicutes	Mollicutes	Anaeroplasmatales	Erysipelotrichaceae	3	3965	TCE-contaminated site clone ccslm238	≤0.01	<0.05	1844
Firmicutes	Mollicutes	Anaeroplasmatales	Erysipelotrichaceae	3	3981	phototrophic sludge clone PSB-M-3	<0.01	<0.05	1361
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4180	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-M23 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1383
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Unclassified	Unclassified	7	4216		<0.001	<0.01	2447
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4266	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-M86 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1302
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4281	granular sludge clone UASB_brew_B86	≤0.001	<0.05	1333
Firmicutes	gut clone group	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	4298	human mouth clone P4PA_66	<0.01	<0.05	1991
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4306	UASB reactor granular sludge clone PD-UASB-4 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1483
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4321	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-C76 bacterium	≤0.01	<0.05	1362
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4331	granular sludge clone UASB_brew_B84	<0.01	<0.05	1091
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4339	Clostridium chauvoei str. ATCC 10092T	<0.02	<0.05	1542
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4369	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-N73 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1579
Natronoanaerobium	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	4377	Mono Lake at depth 35 m station 6 July 2000 clone ML635J-65 G + C	<0.01	<0.05	1585
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4418	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-H18 bacterium	<0.02	<0.05	1173
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4434	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-K11 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1298
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4475	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-N02 bacterium	<0.001	<0.01	1853
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4477	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-N85 bacterium	0.01	<0.05	1505
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4507	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-N21 bacterium	≤0.01	<0.05	1169
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4510	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-Q53 bacterium	<0.02	<0.05	1896
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4512	granular sludge clone UASB_brew_B25	<0.01	<0.05	1006
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4514	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-B34 bacterium	≤0.001	<0.05	1800
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4524	termite gut clone Rs-093	<0.02	<0.05	1269
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4533	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-N06 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1671
Firmicutes	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	8	4536	Mono Lake at depth 35 m station 6 July 2000 clone ML635J-14 G + C	<0.01	<0.05	1005
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4540	termite gut homogenate clone Rs-M18 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1962
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4598	Clostridium sardiniense str. DSM 600	<0.02	<0.05	1253
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4607	Clostridium novyi str. NCTC538	<0.01	<0.05	1082
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Lachnospiraceae	5	4613	rumen clone 3C0d-3	<0.02	<0.05	1321
Firmicutes	gut clone group	Unclassified	Unclassified	1	4616	rumen clone F23-C12	<0.01	<0.05	2628
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4622	termite gut clone Rs-L36	≤0.01	<0.05	1112
Firmicutes	Clostridia	Clostridiales	Clostridiaceae	12	4638		<0.01	<0.05	2515
Cyanobacteria	Unclassified	Unclassified	Unclassified	9	5038	Rumen isolate str. YS2	<0.001	<0.01	1724
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidetes	Unclassified	Unclassified	15	5481	marine sediment above hydrate ridge clone Hyd89-72 bacterium	<0.02	<0.05	2056
Bacteroidetes	Sphingobacteria	Sphingobacteriales	Flexibacteraceae	19	5542	Cytophaga sp. I-1787	<0.01	<0.05	2304
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidales	Unclassified	15	5783	Mono Lake at depth 35 m station 6 July 2000 clone ML635J-15 bacterium	<0.01	<0.05	1032
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidales	Unclassified	15	5874	Paralvinella palmiformis mucus secretions clone P. palm 53 bacterium	<0.02	<0.05	1805
Bacteroidetes	Sphingobacteria	Sphingobacteriales	Flexibacteraceae	19	6124	Flexibacter flexilis subsp. pelliculosus str. IFO 16028 subsp.	<0.001	<0.01	1387
Spirochaetes	Spirochaetes	Spirochaetales	Spirochaetaceae	1	6459	Spirochaeta sp. str. BHI80-158	<0.001	≤0.01	2558
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfobacterales	Unclassified	3	9813	hydrothermal sediment clone AF420340	<0.01	<0.05	1453
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfobacterales	Desulfobacteraceae	5	9875	hydrothermal sediment clone AF420354	<0.01	<0.05	1147
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfuromonadales	Geobacteraceae	1	10171		<0.01	<0.05	1375
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfobacterales	Desulfoarculaceae	2	10227	marine sediment clone Bol11	<0.01	<0.05	1549
Proteobacteria	Deltaproteobacteria	Desulfobacterales	Desulfobacteraceae	5	10319	sulfate-reducing habitat clone SLM-CP-116	<0.01	<0.05	1235

^aS-F, Subfamily identification; ^bTaxon ID, PhyloChip Taxon identification number; ^cRepresentative species, Taxon bacterial species identifier.