Table 3.
The Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Mammographic Screening Prior to Diagnosis and Stage of Disease at Diagnosis Among 5,820 Breast Cancer Cases, Wisconsin, 1995–2003.
| Annual screening mammograma |
Local stage at diagnosis |
Regional stage at diagnosis |
Distant stage at diagnosis |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)b | OR (95% CI)b |
| Individual-level variables | ||||
| Education | ||||
| College degree | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Some college | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.23) | 0.95 (0.81, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.58, 1.68) |
| No collegec | 0.66 (0.55, 0.79) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) | 1.03 (0.64, 1.66) |
| Income-to-poverty ratio | ||||
| ≥5.0 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| 2.5–5.0 | 0.72 (0.59, 0.88) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.01) | 1.12 (0.95, 1.31) | 1.73 (0.86, 3.48) |
| <2.5 | 0.49 (0.39, 0.61) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 1.11 (0.92, 1.35) | 2.06 (1.03, 4.11) |
| Community-level variables | ||||
| % without a high school diploma | ||||
| 0–9.9 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| 10.0–19.9 | 0.80 (0.68, 0.93) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.14) | 1.41 (0.88, 2.25) |
| ≥20 | 0.77 (0.61, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.99 (0.82, 1.20) | 2.00 (1.11, 3.60) |
| % in poverty | ||||
| 0–4.9 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| 5–9.9 | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 0.94 (0.61, 1.46) |
| ≥10 | 0.75 (0.61, 0.92) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.27) | 1.53 (0.93, 2.53) |
Bolded estimates are statistically significant at P < 0.05.
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Limited to women age 50 or older.
b
Adjusted for age and year of diagnosis.
c
Includes 277 women without a high school diploma and 2,451 women with a high school diploma.