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Charge injection characteristics for various electrode materials (carbon, stainless steel, titanium nitride, titanium) taken from current-versus-time traces for 5 V/cm, 2 ms monophasic square wave pulses delivered to bioreactors with electrodes 4 cm in length placed 1 cm apart.
| Material | Injected Charge (µC) |
Unrecovered Injected Charge (µC) |
% Injected Charge Unrecovered |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon | 364 | 56.4 | 15.5% |
| Stainless Steel | 281 | 59.2 | 21.1% |
| Titanium Nitride | 235 | 40.0 | 17.0% |
| Titanium | 180 | 45.2 | 25.1% |
