Table 5. Multilevel, multivariate adjusted hazard ratios for cause specific mortalities for categories of (a) body mass index, (b) waist circumference and (c) waist-hip ratio.
| (a) Body mass index | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of death |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) BMI (kg m−2)a |
|||
| <18.5 (underweight) | 18.5–<25 (desirable weight) | 25–<30 (overweight) | ⩾30 (obese) | |
| All-cause | 2.63 (1.95–3.55) | 1 | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) | 0.93 (0.80–1.07) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.33 (0.62–2.87) | 1 | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 1.36 (1.05–1.77) |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.53 (0.62–3.80) | 1 | 1.09 (0.81–1.48) | 1.33 (0.96–1.85) |
| Other cardiovascular disease | 1.01 (0.24–4.19) | 1 | 1.05 (0.71–1.56) | 1.41 (0.93–2.14) |
| Cancer | 1.97 (1.13–3.42) | 1 | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 0.91 (0.72–1.16) |
| Lung cancer | 1.94 (0.81–4.63) | 1 | 0.72 (0.49–1.05) | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) |
| Obese related cancer | 1.54 (0.48–4.96) | 1 | 0.92 (0.63–1.33) | 1.01 (0.67–1.51) |
| Other cancer | 2.20 (0.88–5.51) | 1 | 0.66 (0.45–0.97) | 1.04 (0.71–1.54) |
| Non-cancer, non-CVD | 4.51 (3.00–6.80) | 1 | 0.65 (0.51–0.82) | 0.63 (0.48–0.84) |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 3.17 (1.39–7.21) | 1 | 0.43 (0.26–0.73) | 0.25 (0.12–0.55) |
| Acute respiratory disease | 11.68 (5.01–27.21) | 1 | 0.59 (0.30–1.14) | 0.97 (0.49–1.90) |
| Injury | 1.46 (0.19–11.18) | 1 | 0.71 (0.37–1.38) | 0.57 (0.24–1.36) |
| Miscellaneous | 3.82 (2.01–7.27) | 1 | 0.80 (0.58–1.10) | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) |
| (b) Waist circumference | ||||
| Cause of death |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) WC (cm)a |
|||
| |
M <79 W <68 (low) |
M 79–<94 W 68–<80 (reference) |
M 94–<102 W 80–<88 (moderate) |
M ⩾102 W ⩾88 (high) |
| All-cause | 1.63 (1.30–2.04) | 1 | 0.90 (0.77–1.05) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.85 (0.50–1.46) | 1 | 1.08 (0.82–1.41) | 1.41 (1.11–1.79) |
| Coronary heart disease | 1.13 (0.61–2.10) | 1 | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) | 1.59 (1.18–2.16) |
| Other cardiovascular disease | 0.43 (0.13–1.38) | 1 | 1.11 (0.73–1.68) | 1.15 (0.79–1.70) |
| Cancer | 1.96 (1.38–2.78) | 1 | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 1.22 (0.97–1.54) |
| Lung cancer | 2.44 (1.38–4.31) | 1 | 0.97 (0.61–1.54) | 0.99 (0.64–1.53) |
| Obese related cancer | 1.86 (0.99–3.48) | 1 | 1.05 (0.67–1.64) | 1.45 (0.98–2.15) |
| Other cancer | 1.53 (0.81–2.89) | 1 | 0.93 (0.60–1.44) | 1.26 (0.86–1.84) |
| Non-cancer, non-CVD | 1.91 (1.34–2.72) | 1 | 0.66 (0.49–0.89) | 0.91 (0.70–1.17) |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 2.39 (1.18–4.84) | 1 | 0.68 (0.36–1.28) | 0.59 (0.33–1.06) |
| Acute respiratory disease | 2.75 (1.12–6.74) | 1 | 0.79 (0.37–1.68) | 1.17 (0.62–2.20) |
| Injury | 1.95 (0.79–4.80) | 1 | 0.48 (0.18–1.32) | 1.07 (0.49–2.34) |
| Miscellaneous | 1.33 (0.77–2.31) | 1 | 0.67 (0.45–1.01) | 0.98 (0.70–1.39) |
| (c) Waist-hip ratio | ||||
| Cause of death |
Hazard ratio (95% CI) WHRa |
|||
| |
M <0.85 W <0.7 (low) |
M 0.85–<0.95 W 0.7–<0.8 (reference) |
M 0.95–<1 W 0.8–<0.85 (moderate) |
M ⩾1 W ⩾0.85 (high) |
| All-cause | 1.23 (0.95–1.58) | 1 | 1.10 (0.95–1.26) | 1.34 (1.16–1.55) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.66 (0.37–1.16) | 1 | 1.22 (0.95–1.55) | 1.44 (1.12–1.85) |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.63 (0.30–1.29) | 1 | 1.24 (0.91–1.69) | 1.45 (1.06–2.00) |
| Other cardiovascular disease | 0.71 (0.28–1.77) | 1 | 1.17 (0.79–1.75) | 1.42 (0.95–2.12) |
| Cancer | 1.61 (1.09–2.38) | 1 | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | 1.26 (0.99–1.61) |
| Lung cancer | 1.29 (0.63–2.66) | 1 | 0.75 (0.48–1.19) | 1.15 (0.75–1.77) |
| Obese related cancer | 1.39 (0.65–2.94) | 1 | 1.39 (0.93–2.08) | 1.56 (1.04–2.36) |
| Other cancer | 1.94 (1.07–3.51) | 1 | 1.18 (0.80–1.75) | 1.12 (0.74–1.70) |
| Non-cancer, non-CVD | 1.39 (0.91–2.12) | 1 | 0.98 (0.75–1.28) | 1.33 (1.02–1.74) |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 2.14 (0.80–5.75) | 1 | 1.23 (0.66–2.28) | 1.74 (0.96–3.16) |
| Acute respiratory disease | 1.91 (0.70–5.23) | 1 | 1.55 (0.83–2.90) | 1.06 (0.51–2.19) |
| Injury | 0.87 (0.32–2.37) | 1 | 0.59 (0.24–1.46) | 1.14 (0.47–2.78) |
| Miscellaneous | 1.05 (0.55–1.99) | 1 | 0.87 (0.60–1.27) | 1.36 (0.95–1.95) |
Abbreviations: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease; M, men; W, women.
a
Adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption and survey year.