Multiphoton Microscopy |
0.001 |
High sensitivity |
Fast (Second) |
Barrel cortex |
Yes |
Methoxy-XO4 (Klunk et al., 2002); Thioflavin-S (Bacskai et al., 2001); PIB (Bacskai et al., 2003); fluorescent antibodies 10D5 or 3D6 (Bacskai et al., 2002a) |
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
2–10 |
Micromolar |
Slow |
Whole brain |
No |
Nuclear medicine probes (Nordberg, 2008; Ono, 2009) including [11C]PIB, [11C]SB-13, [18F]FDDNP, [123I]IMPY, [18F]BF-227, and [18F]BAY94-9172 |
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) |
1–10 |
Lower than PET (non-quantifiable) |
Slow |
Whole brain |
No |
[123I]IMPY(Kung et al., 2002), [99Tc]-10H3 (Friedland et al., 1997) |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
0.04–1(Benveniste and Blackband, 2002; Jack et al., 2007) |
Millimolar |
Slow (2–10 h at mice models) (Jack et al., 2005) |
Whole brain |
No |
Magnetic contrast agents 19F-containing Congo-red based compound (Higuchi et al., 2005), Put–Gd–Aβ (Poduslo et al., 2002) |
NIR spectroscopy |
1–3 |
High sensitivity |
Fast |
Whole brain |
No |
CRANAD-2 (Ran et al., 2009); AOI-987 (Hintersteiner et al., 2005; Raymond et al., 2008) |