Table 4.
Predictive factors for UTI stratified for living situation by univariate Cox regression analysis after the age of 86 years
| Independently (N = 372) | Long-term care facility (N = 107) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | HR (95%CI) | P-value | N | HR (95%CI) | P-value | |
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||||
| Female | 242 | 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) | 0.127 | 80 | 2.1 (0.9, 4.9) | 0.098 |
| Low income | 170 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.914 | 68 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.650 |
| Primary school only | 221 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 0.452 | 75 | 2.3 (1.1, 4.9) | 0.036 |
| Smoking (current) | 55 | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.817 | 15 | 1.4 (0.6, 3.1) | 0.443 |
| Body Mass Index ≥27 | 171 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 0.329 | 41 | 0.9 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.655 |
| Functioning | ||||||
| Severe cognitive impairment (MMSE < 19) |
36 | 1.9 (1.1, 3.4) | 0.030 | 54 | 2.3 (1.2, 4.4) | 0.009 |
| Depressive symptoms (GDS-15 > 4) | 46 | 1.2 (0.6, 2.2) | 0.578 | 12 | 0.2 (0.0, 1.7) | 0.146 |
| Disability in daily living † | 191 | 1.9 (1.3, 2.9) | 0.002 | 92 | 3.6 (1.1, 11.7) | 0.033 |
| Co-morbidities | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 53 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.536 | 23 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.6) | 0.759 |
| Stroke | 31 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.8) | 0.269 | 29 | 1.6 (0.9, 3.1) | 0.143 |
| Cancer | 80 | 1.1 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.845 | 17 | 1.0 (0.4, 2.4) | 0.963 |
| Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (IPSS score ≥8) |
49 | 1.3 (0.6, 2.9) | 0.521 | 4 | NA | NA |
| UTI between the ages of 85 and 86 years | 41 | 3.3 (2.1, 5.3) | < 0.001 | 31 | 4.1 (2.2, 7.5) | < 0.001 |
| Unintentional loss of faeces | 35 | 2.7 (1.6, 4.8) | < 0.001 | 30 | 2.5 (1.3, 4.6) | 0.004 |
| Self-reported urine incontinence | 143 | 1.7 (1.2, 2.6) | 0.007 | 69 | 1.9 (0.9, 4.0) | 0.071 |
| Medical diagnosis incontinence | 69 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) | 0.260 | 26 | 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) | 0.110 |
| PRAFAB score ≥11 | 76 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.462 | 24 | NA | NA |
| PRAFAB: Pad use | 69 | 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) | 0.949 | 22 | 1.9 (0.3, 15.1) | 0.530 |
| Creatinine clearance < 30 mL/minute | 29 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.6) | 0.487 | 14 | 1.8 (0.5, 5.8) | 0.337 |
| CRP > 5 mg/L | 116 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 0.425 | 43 | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 0.664 |
HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; CRP = C-reactive protein; GDS-15 = 'Geriatric Depression Scale' with 15 items (only administered to participants with MMSE ≥19); IPSS = 'International Prostate Symptom Score' (only administered to male participants with MMSE-score ≥19); MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; PRAFAB = 5-item questionnaire score incontinence (only administered to participants with MMSE-score ≥19); py = person-years; UTI = urinary tract infection.
† Disability in daily living = unable to do any one of the nine basic activities of daily living independently, according to the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale
NA = not applicable