Table 2.

Examples of individual and combined n-of-1 studies investigating the utility of an intervention in the treatment of a disease.

Disease	Trials (n)	Intervention (Dx)	Results	Ref.
COPD	26	Ambulatory oxygen	Reported use of oxygen is biased	[71]
OCTD	1	L-arginine diet	L-arginine improved health	[72]
Brain injury	NR	Methylphenidate	No benefit of methylphenidate	[73]
Oral mucositis	16	Topical vitamin E	No benefit of topical vitamin E	[74]
Chronic fatigue	4	Spirulina	No effect of spirulina	[75]
ADHD	86	Stimulants	28 out of 64 trials led to change of Tx	[56]
Anticoagulation	7	Generic/brand warfarin	No difference between generic/brand	[76]
Sleep disturbances	15	Temazepam	Temazepam is beneficial	[67]
Sleep disturbances	42	Valerian	Valerian did not improve sleep	[77]
COPD	27	Eformoteral	No effect of eformoterol	[78]
Cystic fibrosis	48	Recombinant DNase	Marginal improvements with Dx	[79]
Severe CM poisoning	1	Donepezil	No effect of donepezil on memory	[80]
Reflux disease	32	Omeprazole/ranitidine	Utility of n-of-1 trials was observed	[81]
Depression	5	Methylphenidate	Two patients improvement with Dx	[68]
Cystic fibrosis	52	Recombinant DNase	Marked improvements after Dx	[82]
ADHD	43	Methylphenidate	Improvement with methylphenidate	[83]
Chronic airflow limits	68	Theophylline	N-of-1 studies no better than standard Tx	[84]

ADHD: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder; CM: Carbon monoxide; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Dx: Diagnosis; NR: Not reported; OCTD: Overlap connective tissue disease; Tx: Treatment.