GLP-1, PYY, ghrelin, glucose, insulin, and amylin responses to a mixed meal in RYGB (black circles), sham-operated, obese rats (open circles), and chow-fed lean controls (open triangles). Overnight food-deprived rats consumed 5 ml (~5 kcal) of Ensure delivered at 1ml/min and jugular vein blood was sampled remotely at the times indicated. * p < 0.05 between sham and RYGB rats; # p < 0.05 between sham and lean rats; + p < 0.05 between RYGB and both other groups. Areas under the curve (AUC) are shown in the bar graphs at the right, with bars that do not share a common letter significantly (p < 0.05) different from each other.