Table 2.
Diagnoses of infants and children undergoing tracheotomy, Kids’ Inpatient Database 1997, 2000, 2003 and 2006*
| Characteristic | Year
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | 2000 | 2003 | 2006 | p Value† | |
| Total number of tracheotomy operations | 4322 | 4511 | 4502 | 4751 | 0.7 |
| Neuromuscular impairment | 1593 (36.9%) | 1795 (39.8%) | 1876 (41.7%) | 2204 (46.4%) | <0.01 |
| Epilepsy | 644 (14.9%) | 782 (17.3%) | 822 (18.3%) | 953 (20.1%) | |
| Cerebral palsy | 629 (14.5%) | 523 (11.6%) | 583 (13.0%) | 638 (13.4%) | |
| Brain or spinal cord malformation | 282 (6.5%) | 319 (7.1%) | 312 (6.9%) | 349 (7.4%) | |
| Hydrocephalus | 234 (5.4%) | 236 (5.2%) | 275 (6.1%) | 308 (6.5%) | |
| Central nervous system infection | 116 (2.7%) | 97 (2.1%) | 99 (2.2%) | 169 (3.5%) | |
| Muscular dystrophy or myopathy | 104 (2.4%) | 112 (2.5%) | 122 (2.7%) | 104 (2.2%) | |
| Chronic lung disease | 1378 (31.9%) | 1635 (36.2%) | 1988 (44.2%) | 2108 (44.3%) | <0.01 |
| Arising in the neonatal period‡ | 543 (12.7%) | 723 (16.0%) | 1045 (23.2%) | 1121 (23.6%) | |
| Chronic respiratory failure | 678 (15.7%) | 708 (15.7%) | 753 (16.7%) | 722 (15.1%) | |
| Respiratory congenital anomalies | 99 (2.3%) | 142 (3.2%) | 132 (2.9%) | 148 (3.1%) | |
| Cystic fibrosis, other pulmonary fibrosis | 47 (1.2%) | 42 (1.0%) | 35 (0.8%) | 92 (2.0%) | |
| Diaphragm paralysis | 11 (0.3%) | 14 (0.3%) | 27 (0.6%) | 25 (0.5%) | |
| Trauma | 1264 (29.2%) | 1296 (28.7%) | 1138 (25.3%) | 1194 (25.1%) | <0.01 |
| Skull fracture or intracranial injury | 876 (20.2%) | 895 (19.9%) | 804 (17.9%) | 816 (17.1%) | |
| Cervical injury | 215 (5.0%) | 243 (5.4%) | 286 (6.4%) | 362 (7.6%) | |
| Other head and neck injury | 173 (4.0%) | 158 (3.5%) | 48 (1.1%) | 16 (<0.1%) | |
| Upper airway anomaly | 1171 (27.1%) | 1280 (28.3%) | 1237 (27.4%) | 1308 (27.6%) | >0.1 |
| Atresia, agenesis or other anomaly of the larynx or trachea | 490 (11.3%) | 539 (11.9%) | 572 (12.7%) | 580 (12.2%) | |
| Laryngeal stenosis | 357 (8.2%) | 372 (8.2%) | 364 (8.1%) | 332 (7.0%) | |
| Vocal cord paralysis or dysfunction | 220 (5.1%) | 216 (4.8%) | 194 (4.3%) | 290 (6.1%) | |
| Choanal atresia | 66 (1.5%) | 59 (1.3%) | 35 (0.8%) | 52 (1.1%) | |
| Cervical haemangioma, lymphangioma | 57 (1.3%) | 100 (2.2%) | 68 (1.5%) | 54 (1.1%) | |
| Congenital heart disease | 441 (10.2%) | 600 (13.2%) | 717 (15.9%) | 883 (18.6%) | <0.01 |
| Atrial or ventricular septal defect | 185 (4.3%) | 250 (5.5%) | 204 (4.5%) | 241 (5.1%) | |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | 131 (3.0%) | 188 (4.2%) | 194 (4.3%) | 294 (6.2%) | |
| Single ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great arteries, truncus arteriosus | 100 (2.3%) | 101 (2.2%) | 139 (3.1%) | 143 (3.0%) | |
| Aorta, pulmonary artery or pulmonary vein anomaly | 63 (1.5%) | 65 (1.5%) | 68 (1.6%) | 88 (2.0%) | |
| Aortic, pulmonary, mitral or trileptal valve anomaly | 40 (0.9%) | 87 (1.9%) | 122 (2.7%) | 160 (3.4%) | |
| Upper airway infection | 393 (9.0%) | 317 (7.0%) | 346 (7.7%) | 411 (8.6%) | >0.1 |
| Tracheitis | 243 (5.6%) | 229 (5.1%) | 251 (5.6%) | 333 (7.0%) | |
| Laryngeal, tonsil or other upper respiratory infection | 122 (2.8%) | 68 (1.5%) | 54 (1.2%) | 48 (1.0%) | |
| Epiglottitis or laryngotracheitis | 28 (0.7%) | 19 (0.4%) | 36 (0.8%) | 28 (0.6%) | |
| Prematurity (<36 weeks’ gestation) | 311 (7.2%) | 494 (10.9%) | 521 (11.6%) | 606 (12.8%) | <0.01 |
| Other | 389 (9.0%) | 339 (7.5%) | 318 (7.1%) | 304 (6.4%) | <0.01 |
*
No and % of total tracheotomy operations are displayed.
†
p Value represents a trend over time for each characteristic category.
‡
Includes bronchopulmonary dysplasia, hyaline membrane disease, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis of prematurity and idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn.