Table 1.
Distribution of baseline characteristics of the women across BMI-MetS categories among women
| Women | Normal weight | Normal weight | Overweight | Overweight | Obese | Obese | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without MetS | With MetS | Without MetS | With MetS | Without MetS | With MetS | p | |
| (N = 859) | (N = 72) | (N = 907) | (N = 331) | (N = 371) | (N = 524) | ||
| Diabetic, n (%) | 14(1.6) | 11(15.3) | 35(3.9) | 42(12.7) | 14(3.8) | 106(20.2) | |
| Age, y | 33.4(10.63) | 52.3(11.79a | 39.2(11.20)a | 49.4(11.92)a | 41.2(10.98)a | 48.2(10.84)a | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg.m-2 | 22.1(2.12) | 23.4(1.33)a | 27.3(1.41)a | 27.8(1.38)a | 32.7 (2.69)a | 33.8(3.24)a | <0.001 |
| Waist, cm | 74.9(7.63) | 82.1(8.08)a | 85.3(6.92)a | 92.4(7.45)a | 95.0 (8.68)a | 102.5(7.90)a | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 107.6(11.70) | 131.2(17.44)a | 113.0(13.68)a | 130.9(19.74)a | 116.6 (14.42)a | 129.3(19.64)a | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 71.7(8.36) | 82.5(8.34)a | 75.1(8.20)a | 84.5(9.55)a | 78.0 (9.06)a | 84.7(10.14)a | <0.001 |
| FPG, mmol/L | 4.75(0.44) | 5.30(0.56)a | 4.87(0.45)a | 5.23(0.59)a | 4.82 (0.45) | 5.27(0.59)a | <0.001 |
| 2hPCPG, mmol/L | 5.42(1.26) | 6.77(1.58)a | 5.90(1.39)a | 6.92(1.64)a | 5.8 9(1.33)a | 7.00(1.61)a | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.24(0.29) | 1.09(0.20)a | 1.18(0.29)a | 1.04(0.21)a | 1.24 (0.30) | 1.05(0.23)a | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.04(1.01-1.07) | 2.31 (2.12-2.51)a | 1.36 (1.32-1.4)a | 2.35(2.25-2.46)a | 1.34 (1.29-1.4)a | 2.32 (2.24-2.41)a | <0.001 |
| Intervention, (%) | 301(35.0) | 29(40.3) | 337(37.2) | 123(37.2) | 131(35.3) | 187(35.7) | 0.890 |
| Smoking (%) | 29(3.4) | 3(4.2) | 51(5.6) | 15(4.5) | 17 (4.6) | 30(5.7) | 0.273 |
| Hypertension, (%) | 36(4.2) | 35(48.6)† | 66(7.3)† | 159(48.3)b | 53 (14.3)b | 243(46.6)b | <0.001 |
| History of CVD, (%) | 4(0.5) | 4(5.6)b | 18(2.0)b | 18(5.4)b | 8 (2.2)b | 26(5.0)b | <0.001 |
| Education, (%) Illiterate | 139(16.2) | 48(66.7)b | 256(28.2)b | 189(57.1)b | 138 (37.2)b | 327(62.4)b | <0.001 |
| Under diploma | 589(68.6) | 19(26.4)b | 559(61.6)b | 131(39.6)b | 209 (56.3)b | 183(34.9)b | |
| Over diploma | 131(15.3) | 5(6.9) | 92(10.1)b | 11(3.3)b | 24 (6.5)b | 14(2.7)b | |
| Family history DM,(%) | 196(22.8) | 20(27.8) | 261(28.8)b | 91(27.5) | 105 (28.3) | 170(32.4)b | 0.005 |
BMI, body mass index; CVD: Cardiovascular disease, DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose, HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol, MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; 2hPCPG; 2 hours post-challenge plasma glucose,
Data has been represented either as mean (SD) for continuous variables or n(%) for categorically distributed variables ANOVA; % is shown for categorical variables with P value according to chi-square; TG was log-transformed and is shown as geometric mean (CI).
BMI (kg.m-2) categories: normal <25; overweight, 25-30; and obese ≥ 30.
Hypertension: Blood pressure ≥ 140/90 and/or taking of antihypertensive medication.
aP < 0.05 compared with normal-weight participants without MetS. (base on Dunnett t-test).
b P < 0.01 compared with normal-weight participants without MetS. (base on chi-square test).