Table 4.
Patient or provider characteristic | Mean for primary group | Mean for reference | Difference in positive attitude score | 95% confidence interval | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Provider | |||||
Inpatient provider vs. emergency department | 21.71 | 17.06 | 4.65 | 2.14 to 7.16 | <0.001a |
Nurse vs. physician or physician assistant | 20.18 | 19.23 | 0.95 | 0.51 to 1.39 | <0.001a |
Woman vs. man | 25.23 | 21.35 | 3.88 | 0.64 to 7.12 | 0.02 |
African-American race vs. other categories | 26.03 | 24.17 | 1.86 | −0.94 to 4.65 | 0.19 |
Patient | |||||
Increasing levels of educational attainment | 17.67 | 2.74b | 1.53 to 3.96 | <0.001a | |
Household income >$10,000 vs. ≤$10,000 | 23.02 | 20.39 | 2.63 | −0.56 to 5.81 | 0.11 |
Employed vs. unemployed | 23.28 | 17.66 | 5.62 | 2.39 to 8.84 | 0.001a |
History vs. no history of avascular necrosis | 21.62 | 25.51 | −3.89 | −7.38 to −0.40 | 0.03 |
History vs. no history of acute chest syndrome | 23.82 | 27.76 | −3.94 | −7.65 to −0.27 | 0.04 |
Increasing number of hospitalizations within last year | 27.14 | −0.52c | −0.79 to −0.24 | <0.001a | |
Chart-documented discharge against medical advice vs. none within last year | 20.25 | 25.18 | −4.93 | −9.50 to −0.35 | 0.04 |
Chart-documented disputes with staff about pain/analgesia vs. none within last year | 17.76 | 25.29 | −7.53 | −12.36 to −2.70 | 0.002a |
Chart-documented narcotics dependence vs. none within last year | 20.11 | 25.44 | −5.33 | −9.33 to −1.33 | 0.01 |
Positive vs. negative toxicology test during current episode | 20.91 | 25.21 | −4.30 | −8.46 to −0.14 | 0.04 |
Meets level of significance p ≤ 0.003.
Change in score with each additional year of education.
Change in score with each additional hospitalization.