Table 4.

Associations between particular provider/patient characteristics hypothesized to vary with the Positive Provider Attitudes toward Sickle Cell Patients Scale (PASS) in a cohort study of provider attitudes toward patients with sickle cell disease and acute vaso-occlusive crisis.

Patient or provider characteristic	Mean for primary group	Mean for reference	Difference in positive attitude score	95% confidence interval	p-Value
Provider
Inpatient provider vs. emergency department	21.71	17.06	4.65	2.14 to 7.16	<0.001a
Nurse vs. physician or physician assistant	20.18	19.23	0.95	0.51 to 1.39	<0.001a
Woman vs. man	25.23	21.35	3.88	0.64 to 7.12	0.02
African-American race vs. other categories	26.03	24.17	1.86	−0.94 to 4.65	0.19
Patient
Increasing levels of educational attainment		17.67	2.74b	1.53 to 3.96	<0.001a
Household income >$10,000 vs. ≤$10,000	23.02	20.39	2.63	−0.56 to 5.81	0.11
Employed vs. unemployed	23.28	17.66	5.62	2.39 to 8.84	0.001a
History vs. no history of avascular necrosis	21.62	25.51	−3.89	−7.38 to −0.40	0.03
History vs. no history of acute chest syndrome	23.82	27.76	−3.94	−7.65 to −0.27	0.04
Increasing number of hospitalizations within last year		27.14	−0.52c	−0.79 to −0.24	<0.001a
Chart-documented discharge against medical advice vs. none within last year	20.25	25.18	−4.93	−9.50 to −0.35	0.04
Chart-documented disputes with staff about pain/analgesia vs. none within last year	17.76	25.29	−7.53	−12.36 to −2.70	0.002a
Chart-documented narcotics dependence vs. none within last year	20.11	25.44	−5.33	−9.33 to −1.33	0.01
Positive vs. negative toxicology test during current episode	20.91	25.21	−4.30	−8.46 to −0.14	0.04

^aMeets level of significance p ≤ 0.003.

^bChange in score with each additional year of education.

^cChange in score with each additional hospitalization.