Figure 1. Vibration loading protocol.

Cells were seeded at a density of 5,000 cells/cm² (or 1,000 cells/cm² for proliferation study). Two days later, they were serum-starved overnight, and subjected to 1 hour of LMHF vibration at 0.3g and 60 Hz on day 0. After vibration loading, the cultures received and were maintained in OS medium. The vibration loading was repeated on days 1–2 and 4–5. Samples were collected for proliferation study on days 0, 3, 7, 11, and 14; for ALP activity on days 2 and 6 (immediately after vibration); mRNA analysis on days 2, 6, and 14; and for mineralization assay on day 14.