Table 1. Summary of tests of verbal skills.
Distributional data (in quartiles), grade equivalents and labels used in statistical models.
| Domain | Skill | Label | Raw Scores | Grade Equivalents. | Range (standardized) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Min | 25% | 50% | 75% | Max | Mean | SD | Min | Max | ||||
| Age | age | 20.8 | 2.6 | 16 | 18.6 | 21.1 | 22.6 | 25.7 | -- | -- | -- | -- | ||
| Phono. Awareness | 1. Elision | elision | 15.1 | 4.6 | 6 | 12.5 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 6.8 | 3.3 | 1.7 | >9.7 | −1.98:1.06 |
| 2. Blending Words1 | blendw | 13.5 | 4.6 | 4 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 20 | 5.9 | 4 | k.7 | >9.7 | −2.09:1.46 | |
| 3. Blending Nonwords1 | blendnw | 8.8 | 3.1 | 2 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 16 | 5.7 | 3.3 | k.7 | >9.7 | −2.18:2.34 | |
| 4. Segmenting Words | segmentw | 11.4 | 4.3 | 2 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 19 | 6.4 | 3.8 | 2 | >9.7 | −2.11:1.77 | |
| 5. Segmenting Nonwords | segmentnw | 13.7 | 5.4 | 0 | 8 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 7.3 | 3.3 | 2 | >9.7 | −2.56:1.20 | |
| 6. Phoneme Reversal1 | phonrev | 10.4 | 4.6 | 1 | 6 | 11 | 14 | 18 | 7.2 | 3.2 | k.7 | >9.7 | −2.06:1.70 | |
| Simple Memory Span | 7. Digit Span1 | digmem | 16.3 | 2.6 | 9 | 14.5 | 16 | 18 | 21 | 8.7 | 2.7 | k.2 | >9.7 | −2.82:1.84 |
| 8. Non-word Repetition1 | nwrep | 10.3 | 2.5 | 5 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 4 | 3.6 | k.0 | 9.7 | −2.13:1.85 | |
| Rapid Naming: Print5 | 9. Digit Naming | rdn | 23.7 | 4.7 | 14.8 | 23.3 | 26.2 | 30.1 | 35.4 | 9.1 | 1.5 | 4.7 | >9.7 | −2.48:1.92 |
| 10. Letter Naming | rln | 25.2 | 4.9 | 13.2 | 21.8 | 24.3 | 29.2 | 37.2 | 9.1 | 1.5 | 5 | 9.7 | −2.15:2.37 | |
| Rapid Naming: Non-Print5 | 11. Color Naming | rcn | 38.7 | 8.3 | 25.2 | 33.5 | 37 | 42.1 | 62.6 | 9 | 1.6 | 4.4 | >9.7 | −2.96:1.65 |
| 12. Object Naming | ron | 43 | 7.6 | 29.5 | 37.6 | 41.6 | 48.6 | 62.9 | 9.1 | 1.5 | 4.7 | >9.7 | −2.71:1.81 | |
| Word and Nonword Reading | 13. Word Identification2,3 | wid | 549 | 22.6 | 500 | 533 | 545 | 568 | 588 | 12.9 | 5.1 | 4.4 | >18 | −2.22:1.78 |
| 14. Word Attack2,3 | watt | 518 | 16.5 | 468 | 510 | 520 | 530 | 545 | 10.9 | 5.4 | 1.9 | >18 | −3.15:1.66 | |
| Reading Comp. | 15. Stanford Fast Reading3 | stan | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1 | 1 | 10.2 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 13 | −2.79:1.06 |
| 16. PIAT Reading3,4 | piatr | 33.9 | 5.8 | 22 | 29 | 36 | 38.5 | 41 | 9.8 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 13 | −2.02:1.27 | |
| 17. PIAT Listening3 | piatl | 34.4 | 4.9 | 22 | 31.5 | 34 | 38.5 | 41 | 9.9 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 13 | −2.50:1.44 | |
| Complex Memory Span | 18. Sentence Span | span | 76.9 | 15.2 | 26.7 | 67.8 | 78.3 | 88.3 | 100 | -- | -- | -- | -- | −3.40:1.58 |
Notes to Table 1:
Grade levels prior to first grade are indicated as k.[month], where [month] indicates months into the kindergarten year.
W-scores reported here. See note in Appendix 1 for explanation.
Grade Equivalent of ”post high school” is indicated by 13; grade equivalent of “second year of graduate school” is indicated as 18.
Actual mean=85.8, actual min = 62, actual max = 100. See note in Appendix 1 for description of revised administration and scoring procedure.
For comparability with other tests, we transformed the original scores of rapid naming tests so that the highest score is associated with the shortest time it took to complete the test, so the best performance, and the lowest score with the worst performance (see section Scoring in Appendix 1 for details). All analyses reported here are based on transformed scores of rapid naming tests, coded as rln, rdn, ron and rcn.