Table 2.

OLS Regression Predicting the Effect of Widowhood on Change in Parents’ Ambivalence Toward Children

	Wave 1: 6-month follow-up			Wave 2: 18-month follow-up
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Independent variables
Widow (1=widowed)	− 0.44**	−0.45**	− 0.34*	− 0.22	− 0.21	− 0.15
Ambivalence, BL	0.42***	0.42***	0.37***	0.51***	0.51***	0.36***
Pre-loss context of widowhood
Marital quality, BL	− 0.17**	−0.17**	− 0.18**	− 0.10	− 0.10	− 0.10
Spouse’s health, BL (1=poor health)	0.08	0.08	0.12	0.04	0.04	0.09
Sociodemographic and health characteristics
Sex (1=female)	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.07	− 0.36**	− 0.34*	− 0.32*
Race (1=white)	− 0.14	− 0.15	− 0.16	− 0.27	− 0.27	− 0.31
Age, BL	0.02	0.02	0.03**	0.00	0.00	0.01
Education (in years)	0.01	0.01	0.01	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03
Depression, BL	0.15*	0.15*	0.14*	− 0.01	− 0.01	0.04
Functional difficulty, BL	− 0.14	−0.15	− 0.12	− 0.03	0.03	0.00
Months between BL and W1 interviews	0.00	0.00	0.00	− 0.01	0.01	0.00
Perceived intergenerational dependence
Parents’ dependence on children		0.01			− 0.00
Children’s dependence on parents			0.28***			0.44***
(Constant)	−1.34	−1.32	− 1.82	1.10	1.03	0.22
Adjusted R2	0.35	0.34	0.38	0.29	0.29	0.37
N	267	267	267	338	338	338

Note: BL refers to baseline; W1 refers to Wave 1 (six-month follow-up).

^*p < .05;

^**p < .01;

^***p < .001