Table 1.

Cross-sectional and reciprocal longitudinal relationships among forbidden fruit (FF) attitude, 30-day cigarette smoking, and 12-month intention to smoke

Model type	Predictors	Dependent variablesa,b		Dependent variablesa,c
Cross-sectional		30-day smoking	Smoking intention	30-day smoking	Smoking intention
	FF1d	0.86 (0.67–1.11)	1.07 (.84–1.38)	0.89 (0.70–1.14)	1.03 (.80–1.31)
	FF2d	2.53 (1.77–3.61)	3.97 (2.46–6.41)	2.51 (1.74–3.62)	3.97 (2.42–6.52)
Longitudinale,f	Predictor set #1	30-day smoking	Smoking intention	30-day smoking	Smoking intention
	FF1d	0.85 (0.16–4.40)	1.91 (1.16–3.14)	0.74 (0.14–3.85)	1.89 (1.14–3.13)
	FF2d	1.53 (0..87–2.72)	1.58 (0.94–2.65)	1.53 (0.85–2.73)	1.73 (1.02–2.92)
	Predictor set #2	FF1	FF2	FF1	FF2
	30-day smoking	0.33 (.06–1.74)	0.95 (0.28–3.28)	0.31 (.58–1.66)	0.81 (0.23–2.83)
	Smoking intention	1.12 (0.74–1.70)	1.85 (0.80–4.26)	1.12 (0.73–1.71)	1.73 (0.73–1.13)

^aShown are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals estimated from regressions; significant results are set in bold.

^bAdjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, whether live with both parents, parents’ education level, and intervention condition.

^cAdjusted for all covariates in (b) and sensation-seeking.

^dFF1 was valued as “true” if a subject self reported that “the others in society think it is ‘okay’ for adults to smoke, but it is not at all ‘okay’ for people his/her age to smoke”. FF2 was “true” when an FF1 “true” subject also reported that “he/she thinks it is ‘okay’ for people his/her age to smoke”.

^eFor longitudinal models, a propensity score was added as a covariate to adjust for the potential bias induced by nonrandom attrition at follow-up.

^fThere were two longitudinal bidirectional prediction model sets; Set #1 predicted 30-day smoking and smoking intention from FF1 and FF2 either controlling or not controlling for sensation-seeking, and Set #2 predicted FF1 and FF2 from 30-day smoking and smoking intention either controlling or not controlling for sensation-seeking.