Table 2.
Maternal, family, and child characteristics* associated with mouth-breathing, snoring, or apnea at 1.5, 4.75, and 6.75 years (always vs. not always), odds ratios (95% CIs)
| Covariates # Always/Total # | 1.5 years |
4.75 years |
6.75 years |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouth- breathing 133/7672 | Snoring 221/8116 | Apnea 94/7457 | Mouth- breathing 376/6264 | Snoring 429/6561 | Apnea 89/5910 | Mouth- breathing 337/5506 | Snoring 319/5774 | Apnea 66/5120 | |
| Maternal and family characteristics: | |||||||||
| Maternal smoking, ever | 1.07 (0.75, 1.52) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.19) | 0.74 (0.49,1.14) | 0.98 (0.76,1.22) | 1.11 (0.91,1.35) | 1.88 (1.21,2.93) | 1.10 (0.87,1.37) | 1.11 (0.88,1.40) | 1.20 (0.73,1.98) |
| Race (other v. white) | 2.76 (1.09, 6.99) | 2.80 (1.38, 5.70) | 1.85 (0.56,6.06) | † | 1.24 (0.57,2.71) | † | 1.06 (0.38,2.95) | † | † |
| Housing, inadequate (yes v. no) | 0.92 (0.50, 1.68) | 1.49 (0.99, 2.25) | 1.75 (0.97,3.16) | 1.58 (1.17,2.12) | 1.23 (0.92,1.65) | 1.72 (0.99,2.99) | 1.53 (1.10,2.12) | 1.44 (1.03,2.01) | 1.81 (0.93,3.50) |
| Paternal employment, manual v. professional | 1.63 (1.13, 2.37) | 1.19 (0.89, 1.59) | 1.60 (1.03,2.50) | 1.29 (1.03,1.61) | 1.31 (1.06,1.62) | 0.99 (0.63,1.57) | 1.29 (1.01,1.64) | 1.28 (1.00,1.64) | 1.20 (0.71, 2.04) |
| Maternal education, lower v. higher | 2.06 (1.32, 3.21) | 1.82 (1.30, 2.55) | 1.51 (0.92,2.47) | 1.46 (1.15,1.87) | 1.18 (0.94,1.48) | 1.06 (0.65,1.71) | 1.39 (1.08,1.80) | 1.08 (0.84,1.40) | 0.89 (0.52,1.53) |
| Other child: | |||||||||
| 1 v. 0 | 1.33 (0.92, 1.94) | 0.81 (0.61, 1.09) | 0.92 (0.58,144) | 0.86 (0.69,1.08) | 1.06 (0.86,1.30) | 0.74 (0.47,1.16) | 0.59 (0.47,0.75) | 1.07 (0.84,1.37) | 1.33 (0.79,2.25) |
| > 1 v. 0 | 1.20 (0.51, 2.79) | 1.82 (1.10, 3.00) | 1.88 (0.90,3.93) | 0.88 (0.52,1.49) | 1.00 (0.60,1.65) | 1.25 (0.52,2.96) | 0.83 (0.48,1.43) | 1.52 (0.90,2.57) | 0.97 (0.27,3.47) |
| Child characteristics: | |||||||||
| Gestational age, (continuous, in weeks) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 0.96 (0.84,1.10) | 0.99 (0.92,1.06) | 1.00 (0.94,1.07) | 1.05 (0.91,1.22) | 0.96 (0.89,1.04) | 1.00 (0.92,1.08) | 1.23 (1.02,1.47) |
| Gender (male v. female) | 1.49 (1.04, 2.13) | 1.46 (1.10, 1.93) | 1.22 (0.81,1.86) | 1.03 (0.83,1.27) | 1.00 (0.82,1.22) | 0.78 (0.51,1.20) | 1.12 (0.89,1.41) | 0.89 (0.71, 1.13) | 0.84 (0.51,1.38) |
| Breastfed (no v. yes) | 1.26 (0.86, 1.86) | 1.64 (1.22, 2.21) | 0.81 (0.49,1.34) | 1.20 (0.93,1.53) | 1.16 (0.92,1.47) | 1.33 (0.81,2.17) | 1.44 (1.11,1.87) | 1.41 (1.08,1.84) | 1.34 (0.76,2.38) |
| Adenoids removed | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ | 0.52 (0.28,0.97) | 0.38 (0.22,0.66) | 0.33 (0.12,0.94) | 0.33 (0.21,0.53) | 0.39 (0.24,0.63) | 0.49 (0.22,1.09) |
| Wheezing days | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.09) | 1.09 (1.06, 1.13) | 1.04 (1.02,1.06) | 1.05 (1.03,1.07) | 1.09 (1.05,1.12) | 1.05 (1.03,1.08) | 1.06 (1.03,1.08) | 1.09 (1.05,1.14) |
*
Only ORs (95% CIs) for putative risk factors significantly associated with ≥ 1 outcome measure in analyses of full sample data are shown (i.e., not the sample subset with BMI z-score change data at 0.5-1.5 years and 1.5-3.5 years).
†
Race not included in these models as the reported race for all children with SDB “Always” symptoms at these time points is white.
‡
N/A because history of adenoidectomy was not assessed at 1.5 years. Bold indicates significant ORs at the level of 0.05.