Table 3.
Maternal, family, and child characteristics associated* with mouth-breathing, snoring, or apnea at 1.5, 4.75, and 6.75 years (“Habitual” vs. “not habitual”), odds ratios (95% CIs)
| Covariates Habitual # Case/Total # | 1.5 years |
4.75 years |
6.75 years |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouth-Breathing 824/7672 | Snoring 660/8116 | Apnea 574/7457 | Mouth-Breathing 1443/6246 | Snoring 883/6561 | Apnea 826/5910 | Mouth-Breathing 1270/5506 | Snoring 719/5774 | Apnea 629/5120 | |
| Maternal and family characteristics: | |||||||||
| Maternal smoking, ever | 1.17 (1.01,1.35) | 0.95 (0.80,1.12) | 1.07 (0.90,1.28) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) | 1.06 (0.92,1.23) | 1.20 (1.03,1.39) | 1.13 (0.99,1.28) | 1.02 (0.87,1.20) | 1.25 (1.05,1.48) |
| Race (other v. white) | 2.06 (1.29,3.28) | 1.89 (1.14,3.12) | 1.85 (1.10,3.13) | 1.16 (0.70,1.91) | 1.38 (0.80,2.39) | 1.13 (0.60,2.10) | 0.76 (0.41,1.44) | 0.91 (0.45,1.84) | 0.91 (0.43,1.92) |
| Housing, inadequate (Yes v. No) | 0.86 (0.66,1.13) | 1.42 (1.09,1.84) | 1.56 (1.18,2.06) | 1.27 (1.05,1.54) | 1.33 (1.07,1.66) | 0.99 (0.78,1.26) | 1.36 (1.10,1.67) | 1.30 (1.01,1.66) | 1.05 (0.79,1.39) |
| Paternal employment, manual v. professional | 1.22 (1.04,1.42) | 1.17 (0.98,1.39) | 1.09 (0.90,1.31) | 1.09 (0.96,1.24) | 1.09 (0.93,1.27) | 1.11 (0.94,1.30) | 1.18 (1.03,1.36) | 1.02 (0.85,1.21) | 1.08 (0.90,1.30) |
| Maternal education, lower v. higher | 1.48 (1.25,1.76) | 1.23 (1.02,1.49) | 1.12 (0.92,1.35) | 1.47 (1.29,1.68) | 1.04 (0.89,1.23) | 1.13 (0.96, 1.34) | 1.34 (1.16,1.54) | 1.18 (0.99,1.40) | 1.09 (0.90,1.31) |
| Other child: | |||||||||
| 1 v. 0 | 1.02 (0.87,1.19) | 0.89 (0.75,1.06) | 0.91 (0.76,1.09) | 0.77 (0.68,0.88) | 0.94 (0.81,1.09) | 0.85 (0.73,0.99) | 0.78 (0.68,0.89) | 0.90 (0.76,1.06) | 0.91 (0.76,1.08) |
| > 1 v. 0 | 1.44 (1.03,2.01) | 1.64 (1.17,2.29) | 1.03 (0.69,1.54) | 0.73 (0.52,1.01) | 0.71 (0.48,1.06) | 1.04 (0.71,1.53) | 0.74 (0.52,1.06) | 1.28 (0.86,1.89) | 0.84 (0.52,1.35) |
| Child characteristics: | |||||||||
| Gestational age, (continuous, in weeks) | 1.01 (0.96,1.06) | 0.99 (0.94,1.04) | 1.02 (0.97,1.08) | 0.95 (0.91,0.99) | 0.95 (0.90,0.99) | 1.02 (0.97,1.07) | 1.02 (0.97,1.06) | 1.02 (0.96,1.07) | 1.00 (0.95,1.06) |
| Gender (male v. female) | 1.15 (0.99,1.33) | 1.15 (0.98,1.35) | 0.98 (0.83,1.17) | 0.95 (0.84,1.07) | 1.01 (0.87,1.17) | 1.04 (0.89,1.21) | 1.06 (0.93,1.21) | 0.93 (0.79,1.09) | 1.19 (1.01,1.42) |
| Breastfed (no v. yes) | 1.32 (1.11,1.56) | 1.47 (1.22,1.77) | 0.99 (0.80,1.22) | 1.26 (1.08,1.45) | 1.28 (1.08,1.53) | 1.04 (0.86,1.25) | 1.29 (1.10,1.51) | 1.20 (0.99,1.46) | 109 (0.88,1.34) |
| Adenoids removed | † | † | † | 0.48 (0.32,0.71) | 0.35 (0.23,0.52) | 0.58 (0.36,0.95) | 0.47 (0.34,0.65) | 0.38 (0.27,0.55) | 1.01 (0.63,1.61) |
| Wheezing days | 1.03 (1.02,1.05) | 1.06 (1.05,1.08) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.08) | 1.04 (1.03,1.05) | 1.04 (1.03,1.06) | 1.06 (1.05,1.08) | 1.04 (1.03,1.06) | 1.06 (104,1.08) | 1.05 (1.03,1.07) |
*
Only ORs (95% CIs) for putative risk factors significantly associated with ≥ 1 outcome measure in analyses of full sample data are shown (i.e., not the sample subset with BMI Z score change data at 0.5-1.5 years and 1.5-3.5 years).
†
N/A because history of adenoidectomy was not assessed at 1.5 years. Bold indicates significant ORs at the level of 0.05.