Table 4.
Maternal, family, and child characteristics associated with combined mouth-breathing, snoring, and apnea standardized scores at 1.5, 4.75, and 6.75 years*
| 1.5 years Z Score Parameter Estimate |
4.75 years Z Score Parameter Estimate |
6.75 years Z Score Parameter Estimate |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Sample, N = 8,393 | Subsample, N = 4,895 | Full Sample, N = 7,240 | Subsample, N = 3,154 | Full Sample, N = 6,673 | Subsample, N = 2,957 | |
| Maternal and family characteristics: | ||||||
| Maternal smoking, ever (yes v. no) | 0.055 (0.021) | 0.033 (0.028) | 0.072 (0.029) | 0.040 (0.035) | 0.104 (0.024) | 0.071 (0.036) |
| Race (other v. white) | 0.415 (0.081) | 0.308 (0.115) | 0.054 (0.092) | 0.0194 (0.164) | 0.008 (0.099) | 0.144 (0.167) |
| Housing, inadequate (yes v. no) | 0.155 (0.039) | 0.194 (0.053) | 0.049 (0.037) | 0.054 (0.059) | 0.114 (0.040) | 0.130 (0.061) |
| Paternal employment, manual v. professional | 0.065 (0.023) | 0.081 (0.030) | 0.069 (0.025) | 0.096 (0.037) | 0.044 (0.026) | 0.052 (0.038) |
| Maternal education, lower v. higher | 0.078 (0.023) | 0.064 (0.030) | 0.100 (0.025) | 0.092 (0.038) | 0.060 (0.026) | 0.041 (0.039) |
| Other child: 2 > 2, 1-1&2, 0-0 | -0.006 (0.019) | -0.012 (0.025) | -0.087 (0.020) | -0.086 (0.031) | -0.088 (0.022) | -0.070 (0.032) |
| Child characteristics: | ||||||
| Gestational age, (continuous, in weeks) | 0.002 (0.007) | -0.002 (0.009) | -0.011 (0.008) | -0.014 (0.012) | 0.006 (0.008) | -0.009 (0.012) |
| Gender (male v. female) | 0.071 (0.021) | 0.079 (0.027) | 0.032 (0.023) | 0.035 (0.035) | 0.021 (0.024) | 0.078 (0.036) |
| Breastfed (no v. yes) | 0.081 (0.026) | 0.059 (0.034) | 0.053 (0.092) | 0.040 (0.044) | 0.112 (0.031) | 0.072 (0.046) |
| BMI Z Δ, 0.05-1.5 y | † | 0.011 (0.118) | † | 0.038 (0.016) | † | 0.031 (0.016) |
| Tonsils removed (vs. not removed) | † | † | 0.302 (0.123) | 0.208 (0.192) | 0.178 (0.090) | 0.190 (0.133) |
| Adenoids removed (vs. not removed) | † | † | -0.656 (0.086) | -0.641 (0.126) | -0.525 (0.071) | -0.553 (0.099) |
| Wheezing days | 0.039 (0.003) | 0.039 (0.004) | 0.032 (0.003) | 0.030 (0.004) | 0.036 (0.003) | 0.035 (0.005) |
*
Significant β coefficient estimates and (standard errors) of risk factor effects upon standardized SDB scores. Positive β values signify an increase, and negative β values signify a decrease in mean combined SDB z-score compared to the reference group for categorical variables.
†
N/A for BMI Z Δ, 0.05-1.5 y, because BMI data were not available for all participants, and; for Tonsils Removed and Adenoids Removed because history of these procedures was not assessed at 1.5 years. Bold indicates significant ORs at the level of 0.05.