Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in 1989–1990 of women in the Nurses Health Study who did and did not develop diabetes over follow-up
| Characteristics | Women who did not develop diabetes a | Women who developed diabetes a | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or N,% or median [IQR] | Mean (SD) or N,% or median [IQR] | ||||
| n=1063 d | n=984 e | ||||
|
| |||||
| Age, y | 55.9 (7.0) | 56.1 (7.0) | 0.5 | ||
| Body-mass index, kg/m2 | 26.3 (6.0) | 30.1 (5.4) | <0.0001 | ||
| Weight gain 1990 to 1994 (kg) | 1.99 (6.06) | 2.40 (7.12) | 0.2 | ||
| Family history of overweight/obesity b | 685 | 70.9% | 726 | 79.1% | <0.0001 |
| Current smoking, % | 133 | 12.5% | 131 | 13.3% | 0.6 |
| Postmenopausal, % | 645 | 60.7% | 616 | 62.6% | 0.4 |
| Current postmenopausal hormone use, % | 393 | 37.3% | 281 | 29.0% | <0.0001 |
| Physical activity, metabolic equivalents/week | 15.5 (25.2) | 12.2 (15.0) | 0.0003 | ||
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Diet score c | 7.99 (2.69) | 8.01 (2.77) | 0.9 | ||
| Cereal fiber, g/day | 4.96 (2.60) | 4.54 (2.19) | <0.0001 | ||
| Glycemic load | 102.0 (17.9) | 102.1 (16.2) | 0.9 | ||
| Trans fatty acids, g/d | 2.54 (0.82) | 2.64 (0.82) | 0.005 | ||
| Polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio | 0.57 (0.18) | 0.56 (0.15) | 0.09 | ||
| Alcohol, g/day | 5.65 (9.12) | 3.43 (7.21) | <0.0001 | ||
| Total energy, kcal/day | 1769.8 (468.8) | 1827.2 (504.4) | 0.008 | ||
| Total adiponectin, μg/mL (median [IQR]) | 18.1 [10.0] | 11.4 [8.8] | <0.0001 | ||
| High-molecular weight adiponectin, μg/mL (median [IQR]) | 6.66 [5.61] | 3.58 [3.63] | <0.0001 | ||
| Resistin, ng/mL (median [IQR]) | 15.2 [9.8] | 16.4 [10.9] | <0.0001 | ||
diabetes incidence was assessed from 1990 until 2002
self-reported, at least one parent obese, defined by use of pictograms
Diet score = sum of Cereal fiber quintile, Trans fatty acids quintile, Polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio quintile, Glycemic load quintile (Trans fatty acids and Glycemic load scored in reverse, lowest quintile=4)
for women who did not develop diabetes: N=1054 for post-menopausal hormonal use and dietary intake data; n=1048 for physical activity data; n=966 for family history of overweight/obesity
for women who develop diabetes: N=968 for post-menopausal hormonal use; N=976 for dietary intake data; n=974 for physical activity data; n=918 for family history of overweight/obesity