Table 1.

Partial list of known inducers and inhibitors of vascular calcification

Inducers

BMP-2/4

Calcium

Hyperparathyroidism

Inflammatory cytokines

LDL

Leptin

MSX2

Oncostatin

Osteocalcin

Phosphate

Pit-1

RUNX2

TGF-β1

TNAP

Uremic toxins

Vitamin D

Inhibitors

Adiponectin

ANK

BMP-7

Fetuin-A

HDL

IGF-1

Insulin

Klotho

Magnesium

Matrix Gla protein

NPP-1

Omega-3 fatty acid

Osteopontin

Osteoprotogerin

PTH

PTHrP

Pyrophosphate

Abbreviations: ANK, transmembrane protein; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; NPP-1, pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase; PTH, parathyroid hormone; PTHrP, PTH-related peptide; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1; TNAP, tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase.