Table 2.
Intervention: Changes in biochemical, metabolic, and cellular parameters in diabetic patients and in healthy control subjects after AGE restriction
| Variable | Diabetic patients |
P‡ | P§ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGE-restricted diet (n = 12) |
Regular AGE diet (n = 6) |
|||||||
| Baseline | End | P* | Baseline | End | P† | |||
| sCML (units/mL) | 17.1 ± 1.3 | 11.6 ± 1.1 | 0.005 | 17.8 ± 2 | 24.2 ± 4 | 0.199 | 0.001 | 0.012 |
| sMG (nmol/mL) | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 0.005 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 0.039 | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| iCML (units/mg) | 8.1 ± 0.9 | 6.5 ± 0.5 | 0.148 | 7.6 ± 0.3 | 10.5 ± 0.9 | 0.023 | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| iMG (nmol/mg) | 0.97 ± 0.10 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | 0.002 | 0.76 ± 0.12 | 1.08 ± 0.15 | 0.117 | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| AGER1 (mRNA) | 125 ± 15 | 193 ± 20 | 0.018 | 144 ± 16 | 97 ± 16 | 0.069 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| RAGE (mRNA) | 530 ± 111 | 270 ± 70 | 0.064 | 467 ± 110 | 690 ± 109 | 0.179 | 0.002 | 0.018 |
| SIRT-1 (mRNA) | 268 ± 24 | 409 ± 53 | 0.040 | 300 ± 53 | 205 ± 38 | 0.176 | 0.007 | 0.010 |
| TNF-α (ng/mg) | 18 ± 1 | 14.4 ± 2 | 0.078 | 20 ± 2 | 26 ± 2 | 0.030 | 0.002 | 0.029 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 19 ± 1 | 12 ± 1.2 | 0.001 | 14 ± 1.7 | 19 ± 2 | 0.069 | 0.001 | 0.021 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 114 ± 7 | 111 ± 9 | 0.801 | 131 ± 37 | 129 ± 26 | 0.970 | 0.205 | 0.688 |
| HOMA | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.6 | 0.023 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 6.2 ± 0.5 | 0.393 | 0.001 | 0.160 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 0.347 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 0.770 | 0.089 | 0.656 |
| 8-Isoprostane (pg/mL) | 233 ± 17 | 141 ± 18 | 0.006 | 236 ± 25 | 313 ± 77 | 0.289 | 0.053 | 0.039 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 38 ± 0.6 | 26 ± 2.6 | 0.074 | 34 ± 5 | 52 ± 5 | 0.023 | 0.003 | 0.044 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 10.4 ± 0.9 | 0.002 | 7.7 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.5 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Healthy control subjects | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGE-restricted diet (n = 9) | Regular AGE diet (n = 9) | P‡ | P§ | |||||
| Baseline | End | P* | Baseline | End | P† | |||
| sCML (units/mL) | 12.4 ± 0.5 | 9.3 ± 1.0 | 0.016 | 11.7 ± 0.8 | 14.0 ± 1 | 0.168 | 0.002 | 0.012 |
| sMG (nmol/mL) | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.049 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.330 | 0.026 | 0.052 |
| iCML (units/mg) | 5.5 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 0.366 | 5.9 ± 0.6 | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 0.502 | 0.186 | 0.256 |
| iMG (nmol/mg) | 0.63 ± 0.12 | 0.76 ± 0.18 | 0.538 | 0.75 ± 0.12 | 0.63 ± 0.12 | 0.514 | 0.137 | 0.552 |
| AGER1 (mRNA) | 226 ± 46 | 207 ± 45 | 0.767 | 224 ± 36 | 278 ± 43 | 0.345 | 0.137 | 0.270 |
| RAGE (mRNA) | 534 ± 133 | 372 ± 81 | 0.323 | 413 ± 65 | 628 ± 136 | 0.174 | 0.001 | 0.125 |
| SIRT1 (mRNA) | 383 ± 34 | 288 ± 100 | 0.388 | 368 ± 42 | 420 ± 169 | 0.783 | 0.686 | 0.634 |
| TNF-α (ng/mg) | 10.0 ± 1.3 | 8.4 ± 0.7 | 0.293 | 8.6 ± 0.6 | 11.8 ± 1 | 0.015 | 0.002 | 0.013 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 10.6 ± 1 | 11.3 ± 2.4 | 0.802 | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.4 | 0.437 | 0.117 | 0.198 |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 86 ± 3 | 88 ± 6 | 0.710 | 83 ± 4 | 80 ± 4 | 0.509 | 0.785 | 0.259 |
| HOMA | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | 0.621 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 0.755 | 0.409 | 0.122 |
| 8-Isoprostane (pg/mL) | 135 ± 10 | 90 ± 9 | 0.006 | 125 ± 18 | 165 ± 23 | 0.198 | 0.002 | 0.014 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 16 ± 4 | 13 ± 4 | 0.675 | 14 ± 4 | 17 ± 6 | 0.673 | 0.386 | 0.634 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 16 ± 4 | 15.6 ± 4 | 0.882 | 16 ± 4 | 18 ± 3 | 0.698 | 0.102 | 0.683 |
Data are presented as mean ± SEM. FBG, fasting blood glucose.
*Statistical significance between baseline and end of study means in the AGE-restricted diet group.
†Statistical significance between baseline and end of study means in the regular AGE diet group.
‡Statistical significance in percentage change between baseline and end of study between the AGE-restricted diet and the regular diet groups.
§Statistical significance between the means of both groups at the end of the study.