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Proinflammatory cytokines increased in malignant pleural effusion (MPE). Comparisons of concentrations of IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), IL-23 (C), and TGF-β1 (D) in both MPE and sera from patients with lung cancer (n = 16). The cytokines were determined by ELISA, and comparisons of cytokine concentrations were made using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
