Table 2.
Description of key elements involved in the development, implementation and evaluation of each program
| GOAL Lifestyle Implementation Trial | GGT Diabetes Prevention Program | |
|---|---|---|
| Setting | ||
| Health care system | - Public primary health care centers (organized by municipalities) | - General practice is federally funded with general practices voluntarily grouped into divisions, but community health centers are funded by the states and territories. |
| Organizations | ||
| Leaders | - National Public Health Institute | - Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, Flinders and Deakin Universities |
| Strategic regional partners | - Päijät-Häme Social and Health Care District | - Limestone Coast, Otway and West Vic Divisions of General Practice, Wimmera Health Care Group |
| - University of Helsinki, Palmenia Centre for Continuing Education | ||
| Strategic national partners | - UKK Institute for Health Promotion | - Department of Health and Ageing, Office of the Victorian Premier (COAG) |
| Operational partners | - Public health care sector and sports and recreation sector in the municipalities of Päijät-Häme | - General practices in Hamilton, Horsham, and Mount Gambier. |
| Päijät-Häme Social and Health Care District | - National Public Health Institute of Finland | |
| - University of Helsinki, Palmenia Centre for Continuing Education | ||
| Research partners | - National Public Health Institute | - Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health |
| - University of Helsinki, Palmenia Centre for Continuing Education | - Flinders and Deakin Universities | |
| - Monash University, Australia | - The University of Melbourne | |
| - University of Konstanz, Germany | ||
| Funding | ||
| Development | - Academy of Finland, Program for Health Promotion | - Department of Health and Ageing |
| - Uebergang Foundation | ||
| Implementation | - Municipalities of Päijät-Häme | - Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health, assisted by a Finn on sabbatical leave from the National Public Health Institute of Finland |
| - Päijät-Häme Social and Health Care District | ||
| Evaluation | - Academy of Finland, Program for Health Promotion | - Greater Green Triangle University Department of Rural Health assisted by the National Public Health Institute of Finland |
| - Social Insurance Agency | ||
| - Ministry of Social Affairs and Health | ||
| Target population | ||
| Demographics | - Women and men (3:1) | - Women and men (7:3) |
| - Age 50–65 years | - Age 40–75 years | |
| - Ethnicity: Finnish (white) | - Predominantly Anglo Celtic Australian, (>95%), | |
| - Socioeconomic status: educational level as in same-aged general population; retired and unemployed overrepresented | - Similar to the same-aged general population | |
| - Rural, semi-urban, and urban communities | - Rural, semi-urban, and urban but not metropolitan communities | |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk | - Moderate or higher risk for T2DM (FINDRISC ≥12) | - Moderate or higher risk for T2DM (FINDRISC ≥12) |
| - Glycemic status: NGT (74%), IGT (26%) | - Glycemic status: normal glucose values, 65.9%; impaired glucose values, 34.1% | |
| Program elements | ||
| Theoretical basis | Health Action Process Approach (Schwarzer and Fuchs, 1996) | Same |
| Motivational theories (Deci and Ryan, 1985) | ||
| Key components | Improved knowledge on T2DM based on materials | Same |
| Improved knowledge on healthy diet and health-enhancing physical activity based on Finnish national guidelines | ||
| Self-efficacy in healthy diet and physical activity | ||
| Self-regulation (goal setting, planning, and self-monitoring) in healthy diet and physical activity | ||
| Adoption and maintenance | ||
| Materials | Program structure including session contents and materials for self-regulation and self-efficacy developed by the GOAL group | Same, but program materials required language and cultural translation from Finnish to English, and adaptation to ensure alignment with Australian national physical activity and dietary guidelines. |
| Information leaflets and materials for self-regulation (e.g., nutrition tests) from relevant nongovernment organizations | ||
| Delivery | Group counseling with six 2-h sessions | Same, except for facilitation by study nurses solely employed for the purpose |
| Delivery by public health nurses and physiotherapists employed by the municipalities as part of their routine work | ||
| A dietician supporting delivery during one session, employed by the program | ||
| Municipal sports and recreation office supporting delivery during one session | ||
| Training | A 2.5-day training program delivered by GOAL group and specialists from the regional central hospital | Two-day training program delivered by Dr. Laatikainen from the National Public Health Institute of Finland |