Table 2.
Percentage of Participants With Mean Scores Below Adjusted Means on Cognitive Tests
| Cognitive Test | Primary Cognitive Domain Measured |
Raw Score, Mean/Max a (SD) |
No. of SDs Below Adjusted Population Norms b |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1.50 | 1.50-1.99 | ≥ 2.0 | |||
| Peritoneal Dialysis | |||||
| 3MS (total score) | Global cognitive function |
93.0/100 (6.7) | 86.3 | 7.8 | 5.9 |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning (delayed, words) |
Verbal memory | 6.1/12.0 (3.6) | 41.7 | 12.5 | 45.8 |
| Color Trails 2 (time, s) | Executive function | 134.5 (66.8) | 71.7 | 6.5 | 21.7 |
| BVMT-R (delayed, figures) | Visual-spatial memory | 6.4/12.0 (3.6) | 56 | 10 | 34 |
| Stroop Interference Test(s) | Executive function | 84.4 (27.7) | 66.7 | 8.3 | 25 |
| COWAT (total words) | Language | 28.8 (11.7) | 77.6 | 4.1 | 18.4 |
| Digit Span | Attention | 16.7/30.0 (3.5) | 100 | 0.0 c | |
| Clock-drawing | Executive function, visual-spatial |
3.6/4.0 (0.6) | 4.1 d | ||
| Geriatric Depression Scale | Depression | 3.1 (2.8) | 29.4 e | ||
| Hemodialysis | |||||
| 3MS (total score) | Global cognitive function |
88.3/100 (8.6) | 59.5 | 27.5 | 13.0 |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning (delayed, words) |
Verbal memory | 5.1/12.0 (3.2) | 48.5 | 13.3 | 38.2 |
| Color Trails 2 (time, s) | Executive function | 156.5 (53.9) | 57.0 | 7.2 | 35.8 |
| BVMT-R (delayed, figures) | Visual-spatial memory | 4.7/12.0 (3.0) | 45.7 | 18.5 | 35.8 |
| Stroop Interference Test(s) | Executive function | 110.4 (43.2) | 49.8 | 9.0 | 41.1 |
| COWAT (total words) | Language | 26.4 (11.1) | 71.3 | 17.8 | 10.9 |
| Digit Span | Attention | 14.8/30.0 (3.7) | 97.3 | 2.7 f | |
| Clock-drawing | Executive function, visual-spatial |
3.3/4.0 (0.8) | 14.2 g | ||
| Geriatric Depression Scale | Depression | 3.1 (2.6) | 25.0 h | ||
| Non-CKD Control Group | |||||
| 3MS (total score) | Global cognitive function |
94.3/100 (5.7) | 87.1 | 9.9 | 3.0 |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning (delayed, words) | Verbal memory | 6.8/12.0 (3.1) | 69.3 | 10.9 | 19.8 |
| Color Trails 2 (time, s) | Executive function | 117.1 (46.0) | 78.2 | 8.9 | 12.9 |
| BVMT-R (delayed, figures) | Visual-spatial memory | 6.8/12.0 (2.8) | 76.2 | 7.9 | 15.8 |
| Stroop Interference Test(s) | Executive function | 71.2 (23.8) | 80.2 | 7.9 | 11.9 |
| COWAT (total words) | Language | 43.9 (15.8) | 92.1 | 3.0 | 5.0 |
| Digit Span | Attention | 18.2/30.0 (4.2) | 99 | 1.0 i | |
| Clock-drawing | Executive function, visual-spatial |
3.6/4.0 (0.6) | 5.9 j | ||
| Geriatric Depression Scale | Depression | 1.6 (1.8) | 3.0 k | ||
Note: Values shown are percentages, unless otherwise indicated. For all tests, higher score is better, except for the two timed tests, Color Trails and Stroop interference test, for which a longer time in seconds is worse.
3MS, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination; BVMT-R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test Revised; COWAT, Controlled Oral Word Association Test; SD, standard deviation; CKD, chronic kidney disease
Maximum score provided only if maximum exists.
Published normative scores were adjusted for age for the Hopkins, BVMT-R, and Stroop; for age and education for Color Trials; and for age, education, and race for the COWAT.
0.0% scored > 1.50 SD below normal mean.
4.1% scored ≤ 2 out of 4.
29.4 % scored ≥ 5 points, suggesting depression.
2.7% scored > 1.50 SD below normal mean.
14.2% scored ≤ 2 out of 4.
25.0 % scored ≥ 5 points, suggesting diagnosis of depression.
1.0% scored > 1.50 SD below normal mean.
5.9% scored ≤ 2 out of 4.
3.0% scored ≥ 5 points, suggesting diagnosis of depression.