Figure 5.

Schematic illustration of the three main approaches to engineer α-hemolysin pores for sensing. (a) Genetic modification of the pore makes it possible to position desirable amino acid residues inside the lumen of the pore. (b) Placement of ring-shaped molecular adaptors such as cyclodextrins, inside its lumen. (c) Covalent attachment of a ligand-terminated PEG polymer into the lumen of the pore. Figure adapted from reference [3^••] with permission.