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Imbalance of neurotrophic versus neurotoxic factors in the CNS leads to development of HAND. In the normal brain, neuronal homeostasis is maintained by an increased expression of neurotrophic factors compared with the neurotoxins. High levels of neurotrophic factors are neuroprotective. On the other hand, following injury or virus infection, an increased expression of neurotoxins in the CNS shifts the balance to a diseased state that is exemplified as neuronal loss
