Table 1.
Case-control and cross-sectional studies reporting on the association of ARM and environmental risk factors
| Study population | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. participants | ||||||||
| Ref. | First author, year | Country | Cases | Controls | Age range | Setting, control type | Data acquisition (period) | Assessed risk factor(s) |
| [25] | Bánhidy, 2010 | Hungary | 231 | 38,151 | < 19 - > 35 | population-based, no birth defects |
data from the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities (1980-1996) |
diabetes |
| [26] | Blomberg, 2010¥ | Sweden | 401 | 1,049,181 | < 20 - ≥45 | population-based, all infants |
data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registries† (1995-2007) |
overweight/obesity |
| [35] | Herdt-Losavio, 2010 | USA | 328 | 3,833 | < 20 - ≥35 | multistate population-based, no birth defects |
data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) (1997-2003) |
occupational hazard |
| [39] | van Rooij, 2010 | Netherlands | 85 | 650 | ≥35 | hospital-based, no major birth defects |
questionnaire (1996-2008‡) | smoking, alcohol, overweight/obesity, occupational hazard |
| [37] | Miller, 2009 | USA | 464, 216# |
4,940 | ≤ 19 - ≥35 | multistate population-based, no major birth defects |
data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) (1997-2003) |
smoking, alcohol, caffeine |
| [41] | van Gelder, 2009 | USA | 456-468 |
4,967 | < 20 - ≥35 | multistate population-based, no major birth defects |
data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS), collected by telephone interview (1997-2003) |
illicit drugs of mothers (between one month before pregnancy and the end of the third month of pregnancy) |
| [34] | Correa, 2008 | USA | 230 200# |
4,689 | < 20 - ≥35 | multistate population-based, no major birth defects |
data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) (1997-2003) |
diabetes |
| [1] | Forrester, 2007 | USA | 162 | 316,346 | N.A. | state-wide population-based, all live births |
data from the Hawaii Birth Defects Program (HBDP), collected through review of medical records (1986-2002) |
illicit drugs of mothers (during pregnancy and 1 year after delivery) |
| [32] | Frías, 2007¥ | USA | 417Δ, 427ΔΔ |
29,722Δ, 30,509ΔΔ |
N.A. | hospital-based, other malformed infants |
data from the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) (1976-2005) |
diabetes |
| [40] | Waller, 2007 | USA | 380, 77# |
4,065 | < 18 - ≥35 | multistate population-based, no birth defects |
data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) (1997-2002) |
overweight/obesity |
| [7] | Correa, 2003 | USA | 56, 32# |
3,029 | < 20 - ≥30 | population-based, no birth defects |
data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) (1968-1980) |
diabetes |
| [24] | Aberg, 2001 | Sweden | 15 |
600 |
N.A. | population-based, other malformed infants |
data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registries† (1987-1997) |
diabetes |
| [31] | Honein, 2001 | USA | 564 | 6,160,942 | < 30 - ≥30 | population-based, all live births |
US public-use natality data tapes (National Vital Statistics System, National Centre for Health Statistics) (1997-1998) |
smoking |
| [36] | Martínez-Frías, 1998¥ | Spain | 227 | 19,377 | N.A. | hospital-based, other malformed infants |
data from the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) (1976-1995) |
diabetes |
| [38] | Stoll, 1997 | France | 108, 51# |
108 | F: mean age 26.9, M: mean age 29.9 |
hospital-based, no birth defects |
interview (1979-1995) | smoking, alcohol, diabetes, X-ray examinations |
| [27] | Cornel, 1996 | Netherlands | 52 | 3,962 | ≤ 20 - ≥40 | population-based, other malformed infants |
data from the Northern Netherlands (NNL) (1981-1994) |
smoking |
| [29] | Schnitzer, 1995 | USA | 70 | 2,279 | F: < 20 - ≥40, M: < 20 - ≥45 |
population-based, no birth defects |
data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) (1968-1980) |
occupational hazard |
| [30] | Yuan, 1995 | Japan | 84, 49# |
174 | F: 29.1 ± 4.9, M: 32.1 ± 5.6 |
population-based, no birth defects |
data from the Kanangawa Birth Defects Monitoring Program (KAMP) (1989-1994) |
smoking, alcohol |
| [43] | Martínez-Frías, 1994¥ | Spain | 196 | 18,563 | N.A. | hospital-based, other malformed infants |
data from the Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC) (1976-1992) |
diabetes |
| [28] | Matte, 1993 | USA | 103 | 2,403 | < 20 - > 35 | population-based, no birth defects |
data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) (1968-1980) |
occupational hazard |
| [33] | Shiono, 1986 | USA | 14 | 578 | N.A. | population-based, other malformed infants |
data from the Kaiser-Permanente Birth Defects Study (1974-1977) |
smoking |
| [42] | Angerpointer, 1981 | Germany | 78 78 78 78 |
210* 169** 75*** 53**** |
< 20 - > 40 | hospital-based, other malformed infants |
questionnaire (1970-1974) | smoking |
# ARM infants with isolated (no additional major defects) anomaly
† The Swedish Medical Birth Registry, the Swedish Register of Birth Defects (previously called the Registry of Congenital Malformations) and the National Patient Register (previously called the Hospital Discharge Registry)
‡ Difference in case and control period: cases 1996-2008, controls 1996-2004
Δ ARM infants for the examination of maternal pre-gestational diabetes
ΔΔ ARM infants for the examination of maternal gestational diabetes
* Control group includes 41 infants with esophageal atresia, 41 with stenosis/atresia of the small and large bowel, 75 with Hirschsprung's disease, 28 with omphalocele and 25 with gastroschisis
** Control group includes 41 infants with esophageal atresia, 75 with Hirschsprung's disease, 28 with omphalocele and 25 with gastroschisis
*** Control group includes 75 infants with Hirschsprung's disease
**** Control group includes 28 infants with omphalocele and 25 with gastroschisis
¥ Cross-sectional study
M = male; F = female; BMI = body mass index; N.A. = not available