Table 3.
Factors associated with passive commuting* to school in children in 9 provinces in China from 1997–2006 §
| Urban (%) † |
Rural (%) † |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 (n=708) | 2000 (n=577) | 2004 (n=443) | 2006 (n=372) | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | 1997 (n=1634) | 2000 (n=1333) | 2004 (n=1044) | 2006 (n=824) | Unadjusted OR | Adjusted OR | |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| 6–12 years | 1.5 | 7.6 | 17.1 | 17.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 2.3 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 13–18 years | 7.2 | 7.8 | 21.5 | 26.4 | 1.60 (1.20–2.13) | 3.99 (1.63–9.78) | 7.6 | 3.6 | 6.9 | 11.2 | 1.43 (1.12–1.82) | 2.67 (1.52–4.72) |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Boys | 3.4 | 6.7 | 18.1 | 20.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Girls | 3.9 | 8.8 | 20.8 | 23.3 | 1.21 (0.90–1.62) | 1.24 (0.92–1.68) | 3.5 | 2.1 | 8.0 | 9.9 | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | 0.83 (0.64–1.08) |
| Family income | ||||||||||||
| Low | 3.8 | 5.3 | 13.0 | 19.7 | 1.0 | — | 2.9 | 1.6 | 4.7 | 6.9 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Medium | 1.5 | 4.2 | 19.9 | 24.7 | 1.16 (0.73–1.83) | 3.2 | 1.3 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 1.20 (0.87–1.67) | 1.09 (0.78–1.54) | |
| High | 4.8 | 10.8 | 22.9 | 23.4 | 1.63 (1.07–2.48) | 5.8 | 6.5 | 14.0 | 17.2 | 2.81 (2.06–3.84) | 2.12 (1.52–2.96) | |
| Relationship to head of household | ||||||||||||
| Son/daughter | 4.1 | 7.8 | 19.4 | 20.3 | 1.0 | — | 4.0 | 2.7 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 1.0 | — |
| Others | 1.4 | 7.8 | 19.7 | 25.4 | 1.02 (0.73–1.41) | 1.2 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 11.4 | 0.90 (0.65–1.24) | ||
| If father currently work | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 3.8 | 8.2 | 19.4 | 24.4 | 1.0 | — | ||||||
| No | 4.8 | 5.3 | 18.5 | 18.6 | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | |||||||
| If mother currently work | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 3.4 | 6.4 | 18.9 | 21.9 | 1.0 | — | ||||||
| No | 5.8 | 12.9 | 19.8 | 25.6 | 1.37 (1.01–1.87) | |||||||
| Father’s education | ||||||||||||
| Junior high school and below | 2.7 | 6.5 | 17.2 | 22.8 | 1.0 | — | 3.2 | 2.2 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Senior high school and above | 5.6 | 10.0 | 24.0 | 20.6 | 1.34 (0.99–1.81) | 5.3 | 4.6 | 11.3 | 18.9 | 1.88 (1.44–2.46) | 1.56 (1.17–2.07) | |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||||||
| Junior high school and below | 3.1 | 7.6 | 17.6 | 19.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 1.0 | — |
| Senior high school and above | 5.0 | 7.9 | 22.9 | 27.5 | 1.39 (1.03–1.87) | 1.41 (1.03–1.92) | 4.9 | 5.0 | 11.4 | 18.2 | 1.75 (1.28–2.40) | |
| Respondent’s school in local community | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 2.2 | 4.4 | 16.0 | 16.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 4.8 | 7.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| No | 5.6 | 11.7 | 22.6 | 26.6 | 2.00 (1.48–2.68) | 1.94 (1.42–2.66) | 7.7 | 6.4 | 15.3 | 15.8 | 3.75 (2.90–4.84) | 3.73 (2.81–4.96) |
| Bus stop in the village/neighbourhood | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4.5 | 7.5 | 19.0 | 23.0 | 1.0 | — | 3.0 | 3.4 | 7.3 | 14.4 | 1.0 | — |
| No | 1.9 | 9.1 | 21.4 | 18.7 | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 4.7 | 1.7 | 10.8 | 6.5 | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) | ||
| Number of bicycles in household | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 2.3 | 4.8 | 18.8 | 21.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 8.3 | 1.0 | — |
| 1 | 5.8 | 12.2 | 19.1 | 31.4 | 1.52 (1.08–2.12) | 1.45 (1.03–2.04) | 3.3 | 1.9 | 9.2 | 14.0 | 1.33 (0.96–1.85) | |
| 2 | 3.2 | 8.1 | 22.4 | 15.9 | 1.00 (0.68–1.48) | 0.91 (0.61–1.37) | 4.6 | 2.6 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 1.37 (0.95–1.96) | |
| 3 + | 1.5 | 5.9 | 18.3 | 11.8 | 0.75 (0.46–1.23) | 0.60 (0.35–1.02) | 2.9 | 4.2 | 14.2 | 8.1 | 1.51 (1.00–2.28) | |
| Household ownership of motorcycle(s) | ||||||||||||
| No | 4.0 | 7.9 | 18.1 | 19.8 | 1.0 | — | 3.4 | 2.3 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Yes | 0.9 | 7.7 | 22.7 | 26.7 | 1.18 (0.87–1.59) | 6.2 | 4.6 | 11.5 | 13.7 | 1.73 (1.33–2.26) | 1.57 (1.19–2.07) | |
| Household ownership of automobile(s) | ||||||||||||
| No | 3.8 | 7.5 | 18.6 | 21.4 | 1.0 | — | 3.6 | 2.7 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 1.0 | — |
| Yes | 12.5 | 34.8 | 31.8 | 1.63 (0.96–2.76) | 6.0 | 5.4 | 7.7 | 11.4 | 1.26 (0.72–2.21) | |||
*
Passive commuting refers to predominantly motorised commuting to school.
§
Generalised estimating equations (GEE) analysis was used and survey years and its interaction item with age group have been adjusted for.
†
Percentage of passive commuting.