Combination therapy (CpG-ODN-2006 plus miltefosine). Mean PI ± SD were calculated by comparing parasitic burdens of treated groups to those of control animals. Significance among different groups was calculated by Bonferroni's multiple comparison tests. The significance levels for groupwise comparisons of mice were as follows: I versus II, P < 0.001; I versus III, P < 0.01; II versus IV, P < 0.001; V versus II, P < 0.01; and V versus IV, P < 0.001. The significance levels for groupwise comparisons of hamsters were as follows: I versus II, P < 0.001; I versus III, P < 0.01; II versus IV, P < 0.001; V versus II, P < 0.01; and V versus IV, P < 0.001.