Table 2.
Humoral immune response of avian species in zoos vaccinated twice (within a 6-week interval) with an inactivated H5N3 vaccine (VP2)a
| Group | Order | Species |
No. of birds | GMT | % of birds with HI titers of ≥32 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common name | Scientific name | |||||
| Nonvaccinated in VP1 | Anseriformes | Total | 44 | 10 | 11 | |
| Anseriformes | Egyptian goose | Alopochen aegyptiacus | 4 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | 12 | 10 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Greylag goose | Anser anser | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Bar-headed goose | Anser indicus | 2 | 32 | 100 | |
| Anseriformes | Magpie goose | Anseranas semipalmata | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Hawaiian goose | Branta sandvicensis | 5 | 16 | 20 | |
| Anseriformes | Cape Barren goose | Cereopsis novaehollandiae | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Andean goose | Chloephaga picta | 4 | 11 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Black swan | Cygnus atratus | 6 | 16 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Mute swan | Cygnus olor | 1 | 16 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Fulvous whistling-duck | Dendrocygna bicolor | 1 | 64 | 100 | |
| Anseriformes | Rosybill | Netta peposaca | 5 | 7 | 20 | |
| Columbiformes | Total | 5 | 16 | 40 | ||
| Columbiformes | Common wood pigeon | Columba palumbus | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Columbiformes | Diamond dove | Geopelia cuneata | 2 | 64 | 100 | |
| Columbiformes | Barbary dove | Streptopelia turtur | 2 | 8 | 0 | |
| Coraciiformes | Total | 2 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Coraciiformes | White-crowned hornbill | Berenicornis comatus | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Falconiformes | Total | 4 | 49 | 75 | ||
| Falconiformes | Common buzzard | Buteo buteo | 2 | 108 | 100 | |
| Falconiformes | Griffon vulture | Gyps fulvus | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Falconiformes | Black kite | Milvus migrans | 1 | 128 | 100 | |
| Galliformes | Total | 11 | 187 | 100 | ||
| Galliformes | Red junglefowl | Gallus gallus | 5 | 56 | 100 | |
| Galliformes | Indian peafowl | Pavo cristatus | 6 | 512 | 100 | |
| Gruiformes | Total | 1 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Gruiformes | Demoiselle crane | Anthropoides virgo | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Pelecaniformes | Total | 4 | 152 | 75 | ||
| Pelecaniformes | Great white pelican | Pelecanus onocrotalus | 3 | 512 | 100 | |
| Pelecaniformes | Great cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Phoenicopteriformes | Total | 4 | 8 | 0 | ||
| Phoenicopteriformes | American flamingo | Phoenicopterus ruber | 4 | 8 | 0 | |
| Strigiformes | Total | 2 | 11 | 50 | ||
| Strigiformes | Barn owl | Tyto alba | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Strigiformes | Spectacled owl | Pulsatrix perspicillata | 1 | 32 | 100 | |
| Vaccinated in VP1 | Anseriformes | Total | 91 | 20 | 42 | |
| Anseriformes | White-cheeked pintail | Anas bahamensis | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Chestnut teal | Anas castanea | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | 11 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Greylag goose | Anser anser | 3 | 40 | 33.3 | |
| Anseriformes | Emperor goose | Anser canagicus | 5 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Swan goose | Anser cygnoides | 5 | 9 | 20 | |
| Anseriformes | Barnacle goose | Branta leucopsis | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Red-breasted goose | Branta ruficollis | 3 | 16 | 33.3 | |
| Anseriformes | Hawaiian goose | Branta sandvicensis | 1 | 16 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Cape Barren goose | Cereopsis novaehollandiae | 1 | 11 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Andean goose | Chloephaga picta | 6 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Ashy-headed goose | Chloephaga poliocephala | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Ruddy-headed goose | Chloephaga rubidiceps | 7 | 4 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Black swan | Cygnus atratus | 6 | 102 | 83.3 | |
| Anseriformes | Black-necked swan | Cygnus melancoryphus | 3 | 6 | 0 | |
| Anseriformes | Rosybill | Netta peposaca | 6 | 323 | 100 | |
| Anseriformes | Red-crested pochard | Netta rufina | 2 | 181 | 100 | |
| Anseriformes | Ruddy shelduck | Tadorna ferruginea | 14 | 61 | 78.6 | |
| Anseriformes | Common shelduck | Tadorna tadorna | 12 | 85 | 83.3 | |
| Charadriiformes | Total | 4 | 13 | 50.0 | ||
| Charadriiformes | Caspian gull | Larus cachinnans | 4 | 13 | 50 | |
| Ciconiiformes | Total | 25 | 16 | 44 | ||
| Ciconiiformes | White stork | Ciconia ciconia | 3 | 4 | 0 | |
| Ciconiiformes | Glossy ibis | Plegadis falcinellus | 17 | 31 | 64.7 | |
| Ciconiiformes | African sacred ibis | Threskiornis aethiopicus | 5 | 4 | 0 | |
| Columbiformes | Total | 9 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Columbiformes | Common wood pigeon | Columba palumbus | 9 | 4 | 0 | |
| Coraciiformes | Total | 6 | 9 | 33.3 | ||
| Coraciiformes | Knobbed hornbill | Aceros cassidix | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Coraciiformes | Mindanao wrinkled hornbill | Aceros leucocephalus | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Coraciiformes | Black hornbill | Anthracoceros malayanus | 2 | 45 | 100 | |
| Falconiformes | Total | 7 | 9 | 28.6 | ||
| Falconiformes | Turkey vulture | Cathartes aura | 2 | 64 | 100 | |
| Falconiformes | Himalayan vulture | Gyps himalayensis | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Falconiformes | Bald eagle | Haliaeetus leucocephalus | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Falconiformes | Hooded vulture | Necrosyrtes monachus | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Falconiformes | Harris's hawk | Parabuteo unicinctus | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Galliformes | Total | 22 | 437 | 95.5 | ||
| Galliformes | Indian peafowl | Pavo cristatus | 22 | 437 | 95.5 | |
| Gruiformes | Total | 6 | 9 | 33.3 | ||
| Gruiformes | Blue crane | Anthropoides paradisea | 3 | 4 | 4 | |
| Gruiformes | Demoiselle crane | Anthropoides virgo | 2 | 45 | 100 | |
| Gruiformes | Gray crowned crane | Balearica regulorum | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Passeriformes | Total | 1 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Passeriformes | European greenfinch | Carduelis chloris | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Pelecaniformes | Total | 8 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Pelecaniformes | Pink-backed pelican | Pelecanus rufescens | 8 | 4 | 0 | |
| Phoenicopteriformes | Total | 91 | 18 | 29.7 | ||
| Phoenicopteriformes | Lesser flamingo | Phoeniconaias minor | 31 | 4 | 0 | |
| Phoenicopteriformes | Chilean flamingo | Phoenicopterus chilensis | 9 | 276 | 100 | |
| Phoenicopteriformes | American flamingo | Phoenicopterus ruber | 51 | 27 | 35.3 | |
| Psittaciformes | Total | 7 | 58 | 100 | ||
| Psittaciformes | Red-and-green macaw | Ara chloroptera | 1 | 32 | 100 | |
| Psittaciformes | Military macaw | Ara militaris | 3 | 32 | 100 | |
| Psittaciformes | Eclectus parrot | Eclectus roratus | 3 | 128 | 100 | |
| Sphenisciformes | Total | 16 | 10 | 0 | ||
| Sphenisciformes | African penguin | Spheniscus demersus | 4 | 4 | 0 | |
| Sphenisciformes | Humboldt penguin | Spheniscus humboldti | 12 | 14 | 0 | |
| Strigiformes | Total | 3 | 4 | 0 | ||
| Strigiformes | Eurasian eagle owl | Bubo bubo | 2 | 4 | 0 | |
| Strigiformes | Snowy owl | Nyctea scandiaca | 1 | 4 | 0 | |
| Struthioniformes | Total | 3 | 128 | 33.3 | ||
| Struthioniformes | Emu | Dromaius novaehollandiae | 1 | 16 | 0 | |
| Struthioniformes | Greater rhea | Rhea americana | 2 | 362 | 100 | |
| Total nonvaccinated in VP1 | 77 | 19 | 23.4 | |||
| Total vaccinated in VP1 | 299 | 16 | 38.5 | |||
| All | 376 | 18 | 33.2 | |||
a
The geometric mean titers (GMT) and the percentages of birds with a postvaccination serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer of ≥32 shown were measured 6 weeks after the second vaccination. Animals are grouped into two groups: the nonvaccinated in VP1 and the ones that were vaccinated in VP1.