Table 3.

Multiply adjusted models^a for association between time-updated BMI category and change in immune cell counts among HIV-infected persons diagnosed in the pre-HAART and HAART eras

Measurement and BMI category	Value by treatment era
	Pre-HAART era			HAART era
	Estimated mean changeb	Estimated differencec (SE)	P valued	Estimated mean changeb	Estimated differencec (SE)	P valued
WBCe
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	−1,068	−478 (302)	0.11	−233	−326 (357)	0.36
Normal	−590	Referent		93	Referent
Overweight	−458	132 (76)	0.08	81	−11 (77)	0.88
Obese	−316	274 (134)	0.04	75	−18 (116)	0.88
Lymphocyte count
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	−452	−171 (128)	0.18	−233	−276 (160)	0.08
Normal	−281	Referent		43	Referent
Overweight	−191	90 (32)	0.005	59	16 (35)	0.64
Obese	−118	164 (57)	0.004	34	−9 (53)	0.86
CD4 cell count
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	−161	−35 (39)	0.37	5	−94 (35)	0.007
Normal	−126	Referent		99	Referent
Overweight	−94	32 (11)	0.003	111	12 (9)	0.16
Obese	−49	77 (19)	<0.001	71	−28 (13)	0.03
CD4 percentage
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	−10.5	−6.3 (1.3)	<0.001	1.1	−3.1 (1.1)	0.004
Normal	−4.3	Referent		4.2	oReferent
Overweight	−2.9	1.3 (0.4)	<0.001	3.8	−0.4 (0.3)	0.18
Obese	−2.1	2.2 (0.7)	<0.001	2.8	−1.3 (0.4)	<0.001
CD8 count
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	−30	54 (72)	0.45	−50	13 (60)	0.83
Normal	−84	Referent		−63	Referent
Overweight	−48	37 (20)	0.06	−12	51 (15)	<0.001
Obese	−26	59 (35)	0.09	−36	27 (22)	0.23
CD8 percentage
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	10.0	7.1 (1.5)	<0.001	−2.2	2.0 (1.3)	0.13
Normal	2.9	Referent		−4.3	Referent
Overweight	3.0	0.1 (0.4)	0.86	−3.4	0.8 (0.3)	0.01
Obese	2.9	−0.0 (0.8)	0.97	−3.1	1.1 (0.5)	0.03
CD4/CD8 ratio
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	−0.27	−0.16 (0.05)	<0.001	0.08	−0.10 (0.05)	0.04
Normal	−0.10	Referent		0.18	Referent
Overweight	−0.09	0.01 (0.01)	0.26	0.16	−0.02 (0.01)	0.06
Obese	−0.04	0.06 (0.02)	0.008	0.12	−0.06 (0.02)	<0.001
CD3 percentage
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	2.3	1.8 (1.5)	0.22	−1.7	−1.3 (1.0)	0.19
Normal	0.5	Referent		−0.4	Referent
Overweight	1.2	0.8 (0.4)	0.03	−0.3	0.1 (0.3)	0.79
Obese	2.5	2.1 (0.6)	<0.001	−0.8	−0.5 (0.4)	0.22
CD19 percentage
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	−0.9	−2.1 (1.2)	0.07	2.5	1.4 (0.7)	0.06
Normal	1.2	Referent		1.1	Referent
Overweight	0.5	−0.6 (0.3)	0.02	1.0	−0.1 (0.2)	0.50
Obese	0.1	−1.1 (0.5)	0.02	0.9	−0.1 (0.3)	0.59
CD56 percentage
BMI category (time updated)
Underweight	−1.9	1.2 (1.0)	0.24	−0.1	0.8 (0.9)	0.37
Normal	−3.1	Referent		−0.9	Referent
Overweight	−3.3	−0.2 (0.3)	0.40	−0.7	0.3 (0.2)	0.20
Obese	−3.1	−0.0 (0.5)	0.98	−0.1	0.9 (0.3)	0.005

^aModels adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, follow-up visit, length of seroconversion window, baseline immune cell counts or percentages, baseline HIV RNA level, time-updated years on non-HAART ART, and time-updated years on HAART.

^bChange in immune cell count or percentage, averaged across all visits. For example, among participants with a normal BMI diagnosed in the HAART era, the CD4 count increased on average by 99 cells/mm³.

^cAverage change in immune cell count or percentage for a BMI category (underweight, overweight, or obese) compared to the normal-BMI category. For example, CD4 counts for obese participants diagnosed in the HAART era increased on average 71 cells/mm³; the estimated difference compared to the group with normal BMI is 71 − 99 = −28.

^dTests if the mean changes in immune cell count or percentage between BMI category (underweight, overweight, or obese) and the normal BMI category are significantly different from each other. For example, obese participants diagnosed in the HAART era compared to those with normal weight had significantly different increases in CD4 count (+71 versus +99 cells/mm³; P = 0.03). Boldface values are P values of <0.05.

^eWBC, white blood cell.