Table 1.
Proximal duplications | Proximal- intermediate duplications | Intermediate- distal duplications | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Duplicated region | 16q11.1-q13 | 16q11.2-q12.2 | 16q11.2-q12.1 | 16q11.2-q13 | 16q12.1-q13 | 16q11.2-q22.3 | 16q11.2-q22.1 | 16q12.1-q21 | 16q13-q22.3 | 16q12.1-q22.1 | q22.1-23.1 | 16q13-q24 |
Reference | 5 | 9*,11 | 11 | 4,7,8,10,11 | 6* | 14 | 15 | Present case | 12 | 13 | 17 | 16 |
Growth retardation | - | - | 1/1 | 4/6 | NR† | - | + | - | + | + | + | NR |
Developmental delay/intellectual disability | + | + | 4/4 | 6/6 | NR | + | + | + | + | + | + | NR |
Behavioral problems | + | + | - | 5/6 | NR | NA‡ | + | + | + | NR | + | NR |
Speech delay | + | + | + | 4/5 | NR | NA | + | + | + | NR | + | NR |
Obesity | - | + | NR | 5/6 | NR | - | + | + | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Dysmorphic features | + | + | NR | 4/6 | NR | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Round face | - | + | NR | 1/6 | NR | - | + | + | - | - | - | NR |
Dysplastic/low set ears | + | - | NR | 2/6 | NR | + | - | + | - | - | + | NR |
Strabismus | - | + | NR | 1/6 | NR | + | - | + | - | + | - | NR |
Hypermetropia | - | + | NR | 3/6 | NR | + | - | + | - | - | - | NR |
Flat nasal bridge | + | - | NR | 3/6 | NR | - | + | + | - | - | + | NR |
Bulbous nose | - | - | NR | - | NR | - | + | + | - | - | - | NR |
Long, flat philtrum | - | + | NR | 1/6 | NR | - | - | + | - | - | - | NR |
Small mouth | + | - | NR | 3/6 | NR | - | - | + | - | - | - | NR |
Micrognathia | + | - | NR | 1/6 | NR | - | - | + | - | + | - | NR |
Short neck | - | + | NR | 1/6 | NR | - | - | + | - | - | - | NR |
Hypoplastic nipples | - | - | NR | 3/6 | NR | - | - | + | - | - | - | NR |
Stubby fingers | - | - | NR | 3/6 | NR | - | - | + | + | - | - | NR |
Congenital anomalies | ||||||||||||
Skeletal | + | + | NR | 6/7 | NR | + | + | + | + | NR | + | + |
Heart | - | + | NR | 1/1 | NR | + | - | - | NR | - | - | + |
Urogenital | - | + | NR | +/4 | NR | - | - | - | NR | - | + | NR |
Neural tube defects/central nervous system | - | + | NR | - | NR | - | - | - | NR | + | + | NR |
Recurrent infections | + | - | NR | 1/6 | NR | - | NR | + | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Epilepsy | - | + | NR | - | NR | - | - | - | NR | + | + | NR |
*No clinical description.
†NR – not reported in the clinical description.
‡NA – not applicable.