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Neuropeptides Substance P (SP) and calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) time- and dose-dependently increased the interleukin (IL)-1β mRNA level as measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and protein level as measured by ELISA (Fig. 2A, B, C, and D). Values are means ± SE. * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 vs. the vehicle-treated control cells (C).
