Table 1.
Daily Intake of Energy and Macronutrients of Bahraini students (Boys = 256 & Girls = 240) compared to the Dietary Reference Values (EAR, RNI) for the United Kingdom according to age groups 22
| Boys | Girls | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macronutrient | 7 - 10 Years (n = 84) |
11-14 Years (n = 97) |
15-18 Years (n = 75) |
All ages | 7 - 10 Years (n = 70) |
11-14 Years (n = 91) |
15-18 Years (n = 79) |
All ages | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | Standard (%)1 |
Mean (SD) | Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) | Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) | Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) | Standard (%) |
Mean (SD) | |
| Energy (kcal) | 1851.1d (347.9) | 1,970 (94.0) | 2101.3d (548.1) | 2,220 (94.7) | 2367d (548.7) | 2,755 (85.9) | 2097.1b (530.3) | 1793.4 (472.7) | 1,740 (103.1) | 1822.3 (447.7) | 1,845 (98.8) | 1739.9 (386.3) | 2,110 (82.5) | 1786.8b (435.8) |
| Protein (gm) | 70.7 d(18.2) | 28.3 (249.8) | 83.4d (24.2) | 42.1 (198.1) | 91.4d (23.2) | 55.2 (165.6) | 81.6b (23.5) | 68.8 (19.2) | 28.3 (243.1) | 68 (19.9) | 41.2 (165.0) | 67 (20.6) | 45.0 (148.9) | 67.9b (19.9) |
| %Kcals Proteins | 15.3 (2.5) | 15.9 (2.4) | 15.5 (2.4) | 15.6 (2.5) | 15.4 (2.2) | 15 (2.8) | 15.4 (3) | 15.2 (2.7) | ||||||
| Carbohydrate (gm) | 241.5d (49.4) | 274d (69.4) | 319.9d (79) | 276.8b (73.3) | 229.2 (62) | 236.7 (65.3) | 230.1 (54.1) | 232.4b (60.7) | ||||||
| %Kcals Carbohydrates | 52.3c (5.2) | 52.5c (5.1) | 54 c(5.2) | 52.9 (5.2) | 51.2 (5) | 52 (6) | 53 (5.6) | 52.1 (5.6) | ||||||
| Fat, total (gm) | 68.8d (16.7) | 76.6d (25) | 82.2d (22.8) | 75.7b (22.5) | 68.7 (21.8) | 68.8 (19.6) | 63.3 (16.9) | 67b (19.5) | ||||||
| %Kcals Fats | 33.3d (3.8) | 32.5d (4) | 31.1d (3.9) | 32.4 (4) | 34.3c (4.1) | 33.9c (4.3) | 32.7c (4) | 33.6 (4.2) | ||||||
| Cholesterol (mg) | 260.3 (100.6) | 300.8 (121.6) | 299.8 (167) | 287.2b (131.6) | 265 (121.2) | 243.5 (119.6) | 229.3 (123.7) | 245.1b (121.7) | ||||||
| Saturated Fat (gm) | 22.1 (7.3) | 23.1 (8.4) | 24.4 (8.6) | 23.2a (8.1) | 23.1c (9.3) | 22.1c (7.3) | 19.5c (6.2) | 21.6a (7.7) | ||||||
| %kcals Saturated | 10.6d (2.3) | 9.9d (2.1) | 9.3d (2.4) | 9.9 (2.3) | 11.4d (2.2) | 10.9d (2.3) | 10.1d (2.2) | 10.8 (2.3) | ||||||
| Monounsaturated Fat (gm) | 19.9d (5.9) | 21.2d (7.5) | 24d (7) | 21.6b (7) | 19 (7.2) | 18.9 (6.7) | 17.7 (5.7) | 18.5b (6.5) | ||||||
| %kcals Monosaturated | 9.6 (1.9) | 9 (1.9) | 9.1 (1.5) | 9.3 (1.8) | 9.4 (1.8) | 9.2 (2) | 9.1 (1.9) | 9.3 (1.9) | ||||||
| Polyunsaturated Fat (gm) | 12.2 (3.5) | 14 (5.6) | 13.5 (4.3) | 13.3b (4.7) | 12.4 (4.5) | 12.7 (5.4) | 11.8 (4.6) | 12.3b (4.9) | ||||||
| %kcals Ployunsaturated | 5.9d (1.4) | 6d (1.7) | 5.2d (1.3) | 5.7 (1.5) | 6.3 (1.9) | 6.2 (1.9) | 6.1 (1.9) | 6.2 (1.9) | ||||||
| MFA 18:1, Oleic (gm) | 7.8 (4.1) | 7.8 (3.8) | 8.6 (4.7) | 8.0a (4.2) | 7.6 (4.9) | 7.1 (3.7) | 6.8 (3.5) | 7.1a (4) | ||||||
| PFA 18:2, Linoleic (gm) | 3.9c (2.1) | 4.9c (3.1) | 4.6c(2.1) | 4.5 (2.6) | 4.3 (2.7) | 4.3 (2.4) | 3.9 (2) | 4.2 (2.4) | ||||||
| PFA 18:3, Linolenic (gm) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.2) | ||||||
| PFA 20:5, EPA (gm) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.1) | 0 (0) | ||||||
| PFA 22:6, DHA (gm) | 0 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.1) | 0 (0.1) | 0 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | ||||||
| Dietary Fiber, total (gm) | 12.4c (5.6) | 13.6c (5.6) | 14.8c (6.1) | 13.5a (5.8) | 12 (5.4) | 12.2 (5.8) | 13 (6.5) | 12.4a (5.9) | ||||||
| Sugar, total (gm) | 93.2d (31.1) | 98d (34.5) | 114.6d (43.5) | 101.3b (37.3) | 87.1 (30.7) | 93.8 (40.1) | 85.5 (35.6) | 89.1b (36.1) | ||||||
| Sucrose (gm) | 22.7 (11.3) | 22.3 (12.3) | 25.2 (15) | 23.3 (12.8) | 17.5 (9.2) | 16.5 (9.7) | 18.3 (11.8) | 17.4 (10.3) | ||||||
| Lactose (gm) | 8.3 (4.5) | 6.5 (4.3) | 6 (5.9) | 6.9b (4.9) | 9 (5.6) | 6.2 (4) | 5.4 (4.7) | 6.7b (4.9) | ||||||
| P:S 2 | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | ||||||
1: Standard Reference Values (UK): EAR for energy and RNI for Protein, (percentage of standard) [22]; 2: Polyunsaturated fat to Saturated fat ratio
a p < 0.05; b p < 0.01 (Mann-Whitney test) Significantly different between genders
c p < 0.05, d p < 0.01 Significantly different across age groups