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. 2011 Jul;179(1):2–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.005

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Signals that contribute to invasiveness and homing in breast cancer stem cells. Tumor cells secrete IL-8 because DACH1 and miR-17/20, negative regulators of IL-8 expression, are commonly lost in breast cancer cells. CCL5 can also be secreted by tumor cells, in which it is under the transcriptional control of the oncogene JUN (c-Jun) or by of nonmalignant stromal cells. In addition, stromal cells can produce IL-6 and CXCL12. Other signals from the microenvironment include hyaluronic acid (HA) and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Through the activation of their corresponding receptors, all of these signals cooperate to induce a metastatic phenotype in breast CSCs.