Rat performing reaching task. (a) The rat moves the joystick to move the sipper tube. The different arrows and arrowheads denote the corresponding joystick and sipper tube movements in each direction. The corresponding forepaw positions and epidural field potentials are shown in (b). Occurrences of go cues, movement onset, and rewards are displayed as green, red dashed, and cyan dotted lines, respectively. Joystick position signals (X and Y for left/right and up/down movements respectively) are shown in the bottom two traces (blue).